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EuroSCORE评分对心脏瓣膜手术预后的评估作用

发表时间:2011-06-16  浏览次数:708次

  作者:尤 颢,廖崇先,杨 谦,单忠贵,赵 霞,林 智,郭宏伟 作者单位:厦门大学附属中山医院心脏外科,福建 厦门 361004

  【摘要】 目的:研究欧洲心脏手术风险评分系统(EuroSCORE)在心外科重症监护病房中对心脏瓣膜手术预后的评估价值。方法:对本中心2007年1月1日至2007年12月31日期间连续施行单纯心脏瓣膜手术277例的患者进行术前EuroSCORE评分,并根据累积(additive) EuroSCORE评分病人被分成低(0~2分,79例)、中(3~5分,140例)、高危3组(≥6分,58例)。比较3组间术后死亡率,严重并发症发生率及术后重症监护病房入住天数。应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析及Spearman相关系数分析EuroSCORE评分与死亡率,严重并发症及入住心脏外科监护病房(CICU)天数的相关性。结果:全组共死亡6例,其中高危组5例(8.6%)高于中危组的1例(0.7%)及低危组(0),P<0.01。高危组严重并发症发生率(46.6%)显著高于中危组(8.6%)及低危组(1.3%),P均<0.01。术后低、中、高危组CICU入住天数分别为(1.38±0.63)d,(2.26±1.31)d和(5.98±4.20)d,三组间比较有显著差异(P<0.01)。与累积(additive)及Logistic EuroSCORE分值对应的术后严重并发症的ROC下面积分别为0.820和0.836(P<0.001),对应的死亡率的ROC下面积分别为0.875和0.875(P<0.01)。累积和Logistic EuroSCORE与术后CICU入住天数Spearman相关系数(r)分别为0.678和0.698(P<0.001)。低、中危组的预期死亡率显著高于实际死亡率(P<0.01)。结论:EuroSCORE评分系统总体上可较好地评估单纯心脏瓣膜手术风险。对于预期死亡率在高危组与实际死亡率相近,在低、中低危组高于实际死亡率。

  【关键词】 心脏瓣膜疾病;心脏外科手术;危险性评估

  Effect of EuroSCORE for the risk evaluation in the heart valve surgery/YOU Hao,LIAO Chongxian,YANG Qian,SHAN Zhonggui,ZHAO Xia,LIN Zhi,GUO Hongwei//Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Medicine,2009,18(5):483

  Abstract:Objective:The European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE) is a very useful preoperative risk stratification system in cardiac surgery.The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of EuroSCORE in isolated heart valve surgery.Methods:Data were collected from 277 consecutive adult patients who received isolated heart valve surgery between January 1st and December 31st 2007 in our department.Additive and Logistic EuroSCORE for every patient were calculated.According to additive EuroSCORE,the patients were categorized into L-group (low risk group,an additive EuroSCORE of 0~2),M-group (medium risk group,an additive EuroSCORE of 3~5) and H-group (high risk group,an additive EuroSCORE of ≥6).The mortality,the rate of severe postoperative complication and the length of stay in cardiac intensive care units (CICU) were compared among three groups.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the discriminatory ability of the additive and Logistic EuroSCORE.Correlation between EuroSCORE and CICU stay was also analyzed.Results:The observed mortality was higher in H-group (8.6%),compared with that of M-group (0.7%) and L-group(0%) (P<0.01).There were no significant differences in mortality between L-group and M-group.The severe postoperative complication rate of was higher in H-group (46.6%),compared with M-group (8.6%) and L-group(1.3%) ,P<0.01.The length of stay in cardiac ICU of H-group was longer than that of two other groups[ (6.26±4.02)d vs.(1.38±0.63)d and (2.26±1.31) d,P<0.01].The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were 0.820 (additive) and 0.836 (Logistic) for the severe complications(P<0.001),0.875 (additive) and 0.875 (Logistic) for mortality(P<0.01).The Spearman correlation coefficients about additive and Logistic EuroSCORE and length of stay in CICU were 0.678 and 0.698 (P<0.001).The predictive mortality was significantly higher than that of actual mortality(P<0.01) in M-group and L-group.Conclusion:The EuroSCORE system can better predicte the postoperative risk in isolated heart valve surgery,the mortality of H-group is near actual mortalty,but it overestimate actual mortality in M-group and L-group patients.

  Author′s address:Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University,Xiamen,Fujian,361004,China

  Key words:Heart valve disease;Cardiac surgical procedures;Risk assessment

  对心脏手术患者进行术前危险系数的量化评估,有利于预后判断及规避手术风险[1]。欧洲心脏手术风险评估系统(European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation,EuroSCORE)是一种以死亡作为评估终点的心脏手术风险评估系统,在欧洲及北美等国家被广泛采用[2]。本研究对我院心脏外科重症监护室(CICU)收治的单纯心脏瓣膜手术患者进行术前EuroSCORE评分,以探讨其价值。

  1 资料与方法

  1.1 一般资料

  选取2007年1月1日至2007年12月31日由CICU收治的277例连续实施单纯心脏瓣膜手术的成年病人。年龄22~70,平均(56.7±13.2)岁,其中男112例(40.4%),女165例(59.6%)。所有患者均在静吸复合麻醉,经胸骨正中切口,通过主动脉根部及右房建立体外循环,顺行灌注冷血停搏液进行瓣膜手术。其中主动脉瓣手术42例,二尖瓣手术144例,三尖瓣手术2例,双瓣手术87例,三瓣手术32例。

  1.2 数据收集及定义

  采用EuroSCORE官方网站所提供的软件对所收治的病人进行术前累加(additive)评分,并根据累加评分患者被分为低危组(0~2分,79例),中危组(3~5分,140例)及高危组(≥6分,58例) (3)。统计各组患者术后死亡、严重并发症的发生例数和CICU入住天数。

  严重并发症指患者术后于CICU中出现下列情况中的一项或多项:低心排综合征、肾功能衰竭、呼吸衰竭、应激性溃疡、脑卒中及严重感染(肺部感染、心内膜炎及胸骨感染)。

  1.3 统计学处理

  所有数据分析均采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示,多组计量资料比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用Bonferroni纠正的Student’s t检验。计数资料之间比较采用U检验或Fisher精确概率检验。P<0.05为差异有显著性。EuroSCORE评分与术后结果的相关分析采用Spearman等级相关分析。绘制标准及Logistic EuroSCORE分值与死亡及严重并发症之间的受试者工作特征曲线 (receiver operating characteristic,ROC)评价ROC曲线及ROC下面积(area under curve,AUC),AUC在0.70时有一定准确性,AUC≥0.8有较高准确性[4]。

  2 结 果

  2.1 三组的EuroSCORE评分

  本研究低、中、高危三组间累积和Logistic评分两两比较均有显著差异(P<0.01),见表1。

  2.2 三组死亡率比较

  本组患者共死亡6例,总死亡率2.2%,高危组5例(8.6%),显著高于中危组的1例(0.7%)和低危组(P均<0.01),低危组及中危组死亡率之间无显著差异(P=0.639),见表1。

  2.3 术后并发症发生率及CICU入住天数

  术后并发症发生率及CICU入住天数随EuroSCORE评分数值增高呈上升趋势,总并发症发生率14.4%。高危组严重并发症发生率高于中危组及低危组(P均=0.000);中危组并发症发生率高于低危组(P=0.035)。患者CICU的平均入住天数高危组显著高于中危组及低危组(P<0.01),中危组CICU的入住天数显著高于低危组(P<0.05),见表1。

  2.4 三组预期死亡率和实际死亡率比较

  低、中危组及总预期死亡率高于实际死亡率(P<0.01),高危组死亡率与实际死亡率相近,见表2。

  2.5 EuroSCORE分值与CICU入住天数及术后并发症、死亡的相关性

  累积及Logistic EuroSCORE分值与术后CICU入住天数Spearman相关系数分别为0.678和0.698(P=0.000)。绘制ROC曲线,累积及Logistic EuroSCORE与术后死亡的AUC相关系数分别为0.875及0.875(P=0.002);与术后并发症AUC的相关系数分别为0.820及0.836(P=0.000),见图1及图2。表1 各组EuroSCORE 评分情况及术后结果注:与低危组比较△P<0.05,△△P<0.01;与中危组比较▲▲P<0.01。表2 各组术后预期死亡率和实际死亡率实际死亡率 注:与实际死亡率相比△△P<0.01。

  图1 EuroSCORE评分与术后死亡ROC曲线图图2 EuroSCORE评分与术后严重并发症ROC曲线图

  3 讨 论

  手术风险分层评分系统通过个体的手术风险与获益之间的权衡以客观评估手术风险,这对于心脏外科医疗系统、医疗从业者及患者具有同样重要的意义[5]。1995~1999年由欧洲心脏内外科医师等专家共同确立了的心血管手术危险因素评分系统EuroSCORE。该系统通过对三个种类、合计17项高危因素进行量化计分测算,以评估心脏手术围手术期风险。EuroSCORE计算简单,只要对相关问题回答“是”与“否”即可方便地在病人床边完成,而利用其官方网站提供的软件在掌上电脑更可方便地计算出Logistic评分,因此得到了快速的推广[6]。

  多项研究表明EuroSCORE较其它风险评估体系对欧系人种能较为准确地预测手术死亡率及术后并发症的发生,尽管存在人口种族差异,EuroSCORE对亚洲冠脉搭桥手术病人术后结果也有一定的预测价值 [7]。在发展中国家,风湿性心脏病发病率依然居高不下,并且瓣膜手术也在心脏手术中占极大比重。因此我们选择单纯瓣膜手术作为研究对象以评测EuroSCORE系统的准确性。本研究所选取的单纯瓣膜手术病人均来源于一个手术组,避免了由于医生之间的技术差异造成的误差。在按EuroSCORE累积分值的大小分组后发现,大于6分的高危瓣膜手术组术后死亡率、严重并发症发生率较高,在CICU入住时间上亦高于<6分的低、中危组。通过ROC曲线分析及Spearman相关系数揭示两种评分与术后死亡率,术后严重并发症发生率及CICU入住时间呈正相关,这与部分国外的研究结果吻合[8,9]。

  研究表明Logistic评分通常用于高危组(additive≥6)死亡率的预测,以纠正additive评分对死亡率的低估[10]。在本组中高危瓣膜手术组的Logistic评分亦能准确地预测死亡率,但高估了低、中风险组及总的预期的死亡率。其造成高估死亡率的原因可能与以下因素有关:(1)由于手术技术的提高,作为1995年开始实施研究的EuroSCORE评分系统,可能不能正确反映现代心脏外科的情况;(2)制EuroSCORE评分系统时选取的病人以冠心病人为主约占63%,而瓣膜手术仅占29.4%,因此不能精确地对单纯瓣膜手术进行评估;(3)EuroSCORE评分系统所选取的瓣膜手术的亚组中主动脉瓣手术占57%,二尖瓣手术占29%,双瓣手术占14%[11],这与本研究中各类瓣膜手术各亚组所占份额不同,见表1,因此EuroSCORE需进一步改良以评估单纯心脏瓣膜手术风险。

  【参考文献】

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  [6]Kurki TS,Hakkinen U,Lauharanta J,et al.Evaluation of the relationship between preoperative risk scores,postoperative and total length of stays and hospital costs in coronary bypass surgery[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2001,20(6):1183-1187.

  [7]Chen CC,Wang CC,Hsieh SR,et al.Application of European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE) in coronary artery bypasses surgery for Taiwanese[J].Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery,2004,3(4):562-565.

  [8]Toumpoulis IK,Anagnostopoulos CE.Does EuroSCORE predict length of stay and specific postoperative complications after heart valve surgery?[J].J Heart Valve Disease,2005,14 (2):243-250.

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