全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对腹部手术患者心率变异性的影响
发表时间:2009-12-25 浏览次数:550次
全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对腹部手术患者心率变异性的影响作者:景桂霞,朱耀民,叶平安 摘 要:目的 探讨全麻复合高位硬膜外阻滞对手术患者心率变异性的影响. 方法 40例择期中上腹部手术患者分为安氟醚吸入组(Ⅰ)和安氟醚吸入复合高位硬膜外阻滞组(Ⅱ),每组20例,利用心率变异功率谱分析法对麻醉前、麻醉诱导后、插管后、麻醉后、切皮后及拔管后心率变异性及血流动力学进行分析. 结果 麻醉诱导后及麻醉后两组LF,LF/HF,TP显著降低;插管后、切皮后及拔管后,Ⅰ组LF,LF/HF及TP显著升高,而Ⅱ组未见明显改变;组间比较显示上述各指标组间均有显著性差异.血流动力学改变与自主神经系统功能变化基本一致. 结论 全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞可显著降低交感神经活性、交感/迷走均衡性和植物神经总张力;并显著降低手术刺激对自主神经功能及血流动力学的影响,利于机体血流动力学稳定. 关键词: 麻醉,吸入;安氟醚;硬膜外阻滞;腹部手术;心率 Effects of enflurane combined with thoracic epidu┐ral anesthesia on heart rate variability of patients undergoing abdominal operations JING Gui-Xia,ZHU Yao-Min,YE Ping-An Department of Anesthesiology,First Hospital,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an710061,China Keywords:inhaled anesthesia,inhalation;enflurane;epidural block;abdomen surgery;heart rate Abstract:AIM To investigate the effects of enflurane com-bined with thoracic epidural anesthesia on the autonomic ner-vous system of patients treated surgically.METHODS Forty patients scheduled for elective abdominal operation were randomly allocated into enflurane group(Ⅰ)and enflu-rane combined with epidural anesthesia group(Ⅱ).Heart rate variability(HRV)was assessed at preanesthesia,after anesthesia induction,after intubation,after anesthesia,after skin cut and after extubation.RESULTS LF,LF/HF,TP decreased significantly after anesthesia induction and after anesthesia in the two groups;after intubation,after skin cut and after extubation,LF,LF/HF and TP increased signifi-cantly in GroupⅠ,but did not change markedly in GroupⅡ.There was a significant difference between the two groups.CONCLUSION Enflurane combined with thoracic epidural anesthesia can decrease the sympathetic nervous activity,the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity and the total power of sympathetic and parasympathetic ner-vous system significantly;and it can also decrease the influ-ence of operation stimulation on autonomic nervous function and cardiovascular system significantly.0 引言 心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)是指逐次心搏周期之间的微小差异,产生于自主神经系统对心脏窦房结的调制;心率变异功率谱分析(heart rate variability power spectrum analysis,HRPSA)是一种无创的定量反映自主神经系统功能及其对心血管系统调控作用的方法.我们应用HRPSA观察了安氟醚吸入和安氟醚吸入复合高位硬膜外阻滞过程中手术患者HRV的变化,探讨两种方法对自主神经功能的影响,为临床合理选择麻醉方法提供依据.1 对象和方法 1.1 对象 择期中上腹部手术患者40(男20,女20)例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级;年龄43~71(58.3±7.9)岁,体质量51~82(62.8±8.6)kg.随机分为安氟醚吸入组(Ⅰ)和安氟醚吸入复合高位硬膜外阻滞组(Ⅱ),每组各20例.两组患者均无中枢神经系统、心血管系统、自主神经系统疾患,且术前未应用影响中枢神经系统和心血管系统药物. 1.2 方法 ①麻醉:全部病例于麻醉前30min肌注安定0.2mg kg-1 ,阿托品0.01mg kg-1 ,麻醉诱导均采用芬太尼3μg kg-1 ,依托咪酯0.3mg kg-1 ,维库溴铵0.1mg kg-1 依次缓慢静注.其中Ⅱ组病例于麻醉诱导前先行T7~8 或T8~9 硬膜外穿刺.气管插管后接麻醉机行机械通气,潮气量10~12mL kg-1 ,呼吸频率10~12次 min-1 ,吸呼比1 2.两组病例于手术开始后均以维库溴铵和持续吸入安氟醚(监测呼出安氟醚浓度在0.6MAC左右)维持麻醉,Ⅱ组病例同时给予20g L-1 利多卡因6~8mL进行硬膜外麻醉;②监测:患者入手术室后取仰卧位,连接HXD-Ⅰ型多功能监测仪(华翔公司,中国黑龙江)连续记录心电图获得HRV有关参数LF(低频)、HF(高频)、LF/HF(低频高频比)和TP(总功率),同时监测无创血压和脉搏血氧饱和度,静卧10min后记录上述参数各5min作为麻醉前对照(Ⅱ组病例记录完毕后行T7~8 或T8~9 硬膜外穿刺).麻醉诱导后、插管后、麻醉后、切皮后及拔管后再记录上述指标各5min. 统计学处理:所有数据均用x ±s表示,组内比较采用方差分析,组间比较采用各指标前后差值的配对t检验.2 结果 2.1 HRV的变化 麻醉诱导后及麻醉后,两组患者LF,LF/HF及TP均显著降低(Ⅰ组P<0.05;Ⅱ组P<0.01);组间比较有显著性差异.插管后、切皮后及拔管后,Ⅰ组LF,LF/HF及TP均显著升高(P<0.01),而Ⅱ组上述各指标未见明显改变;组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.01,Tab1). 表1 两组患者心率变异性指标的改变 略 2.2 血流动力学变化 麻醉诱导后及麻醉后,两组HR,MAP均显著降低(P<0.05);组间比较未见显著性差异.插管后、切皮后及拔管后,Ⅰ组HR,MAP均显著升高(P<0.05),而Ⅱ组未见明显改变;组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05,Tab2). 表2 两组患者血流动力学变化 略 3 讨论 HRPSA是一种常用的HRV分析方法,它是把一定时间内常规心电图记录的连续R-R间期经快速傅利叶转换或自动回归分析得到以频率(Hz)为横坐标,功率谱能量(ms2 Hz-1 )为纵坐标的心率功率谱[1-5] ,其监测指标主要有LF,HF,LF/HF及TP[6-8] .HF(0.15~0.50Hz)主要受迷走神经调节,其振幅变化是反映迷走神经功能的特异性定量指标;LF(0.04~0.15Hz)与交感、迷走神经对心脏自律性的调节及外周压力反射有关,包含交感和迷走神经的共同作用;LF/HF是反映交感、迷走神经均衡性的定量指标;TP反映总自主神经张力. 我们对影响HRV的其他因素加以严格控制,探讨安氟醚吸入及其复合高位硬膜外阻滞两种麻醉方法对交感、迷走神经活性及两者之间均衡性的影响.结果表明安氟醚吸入或复合高位硬膜外阻滞可显著降低交感神经活性、交感/迷走均衡性和植物神经总张力,副交感神经活性亦降低但不显著;安氟醚吸入复合高位硬膜外阻滞对自主神经功能的抑制作用显著强于单纯安氟醚吸入.迷走神经活性在麻醉诱导及安氟醚吸入或复合高位硬膜外阻滞过程中未见明显降低,可能与术前应用阿托品使迷走神经活性降低有关[9] .Kawamoto等[9] 研究了胸段硬膜外阻滞对HRV的影响,发现胸段硬膜外阻滞阻断心脏交感神经活性,而增加迷走神经张力,交感/迷走均衡性向迷走占优势方向偏移.Introna等[10] 对蛛网膜下腔阻滞平面达T4 ~T1 时,心脏自主神经张力普遍抑制,但心交感/迷走均衡性仍维持良好,与本文结果不完全一致,可能与我们在行高位硬膜外阻滞的同时使用安氟醚吸入麻醉及术前应用阿托品有关[6] .Licker等[11] 将20位老年患者分为全麻组和全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞组,两组患者在麻醉诱导时,HRV均显著降低,说明全麻诱导可使交感和迷走活性显著降低;气管插管时,全麻组LF/HF显著升高,提示交感活性的增强;而全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞组LF/HF虽增加但不显著,说明全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞在气管插管时可减小插管刺激对自主神经系统的影响.Latson等[12] 等在研究发现,切皮刺激对自主反射功能有明显的影响.这些自主神经系统的功能改变与患者血压心率变化基本一致. 我们的研究结果显示,全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞可显著降低交感神经活性、交感/迷走均衡性和植物神经总张力;并显著降低手术刺激对自主神经功能及血流动力学的影响,利于机体血流动力学稳定,对机体有保护作用. 参考文献: [1]Cohen H,Matar MA,Kaplan Z,Kotler M.Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in psychiatry [J].Psychother Psychosom,1999;68(2):59-66. 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