高度近视眼白内障超声乳化术临床分析
发表时间:2011-08-03 浏览次数:563次
作者:饶芒前,王晓亚,廖晓芳 作者单位:中国贵州省铜仁市,铜仁地区人民医院眼科
【摘要】 目的:浅析高度近视眼白内障超声乳化吸出术及后房型人工晶状体植入术后的疗效和并发症。方法:对83例96眼高度近视眼白内障行角膜缘隧道切口白内障超声乳化吸出术及后房型人工晶状体植入术。眼轴长度为26.32~32.46(平均28.58)mm,其中<28mm的31眼,28~30mm的42眼,>30mm的23眼。植入PMMA后房型人工晶状体,观察术后视力及术中术后并发症。结果:眼轴长度<28mm的31眼中≥0.5者30眼(97%);眼轴长度28~30mm的42眼中≥0.5者36眼(86%);>30mm的23眼中≥0.5者13眼(57%)。后囊膜破裂2眼,其中1眼后囊膜破孔较大,行前部玻璃体切除后,睫状沟植入人工晶状体,但术后2mo发生视网膜脱离。其它并发症为角膜水肿、黄斑囊样水肿以及后囊膜混浊等。结论:高度近视眼白内障超声乳化吸出及后房型人工晶状体植入术能明显提高患者视力,但眼轴长度>30mm者术后视力恢复欠佳。
【关键词】 高度近视眼,白内障,超声乳化
Clinical analysis of phacoemulsification for cataract with high myopia
MangQian Rao, XiaoYa Wang, XiaoFang Liao
Department of Ophthalmology, Peoples Hospital of Tongren District, Tongren 554300, Guizhou Province, China
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the therapy of phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOLs) implantation for cataract with high myopia
METHODS: Eightythree cases (96 eyes)of cataract with high myopia were performed phacoemulsification through corneal tunnel incision and implantation of PMMA posterior chamber IOLs. The axial lengths of the all eyebalsl ranged from 26.32mm to 32.46mm, and the mean axial length was 28.58mm. The axial lengths of 31 eyes were less than 28mm,and the axial lengths of 42 eyes ranged from 28mm to 30mm, and the axial lengths of the 23 eye were more than 30mm. To observe postoperative visual acuity and the complications of surgery and postsurgery.
RESULTS: Thirty eyes(97%) in 31 eyes which the axial lengths were more than 28mm had visual acuity more than 0.5. Thirtysix eyes (86%)in 42 eyes which the axial lengths ranged from 28mm to 30mm had visual acuity more than 0.5. Thirteen eyes(57%) in 23 eyes which the axial lengths were more than 30mm had visual acuity more than 0.5. There were posterior capsular rupture in two eyes. One eye which had larger posterior capsular rupture was performed anterior vitrectomy and implantation of ciliary sulcus fixed IOLs, and then had retinal detachment two moths later. Other complications of the surgery included corneal edema, macular cystoid edema, posterior capsular opacification, and so on .
CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification with IOL implantation can improve the visual acuity of patients with high myopia and cataract. The patients whose axial lengths of eyeballs were more than 30mm have no good postoperative visual acuity.
KEYWORDS: high myopia; cataract; phacoemulsification
0引言
眼轴长、巩膜薄、视网膜薄、黄斑部常有变性、术中术后并发症多是高度近视眼白内障手术的特点。白内障超声乳化吸出术有手术切口小,术中损伤轻,术后并发症少,术后恢复快等优点,因此,高度近视眼白内障已广泛应用白内障超声乳化吸出术。我院从200106/200806共对83例96眼高度近视眼白内障进行超声乳化术,结果报告如下。
1对象和方法
1.1对象 本组病例83例96眼,男48例53眼,女35例43眼。右眼39眼,左眼57眼。年龄42~81(平均67)岁。病例选择: 光感~矫正视力0.3,光定位及光变色正常;B超检查无视网膜脱离;测量角膜曲率和眼轴长度,用SRKⅡ公式计算,矫正屈光度≥6.00D;术后检查发现例如糖尿病等其它原因引起的眼底病变者,不列入本组病例。A超测量结果:眼轴长度为26.32~32.46(平均28.58)mm,其中<28mm者31眼,28~30mm者42眼,>30mm者23眼。晶状体核硬度: Ⅰ级7眼,Ⅱ级14眼,Ⅲ级57眼,Ⅳ级18眼。用SRKⅡ公式计算植入人工晶状体度数为2.50~ 14.50D,全部植入优视人工晶状体。
1.2方法 在Topcon610眼科手术显微镜下,用Alcon Uiversal Ⅱ增强型超声乳化仪完成。采用Alcon公司生产的爱尔凯因进行表面麻醉,颞上方角膜缘做3.0mm隧道切口和3∶00角膜缘1.0mm辅助切口,前房内注入上海其胜公司生产的黏弹剂其胜后,连续环形撕囊,水分离及水分层,囊袋内超声乳化核,超声能量设置为30%~50%,负压设置为200~250mmHg;乳化时间0.2~2.3(平均1.2)min。用A/I系统吸净残留皮质后,囊袋内注入黏弹剂,推注器将人工晶状体植入囊袋内,吸出前房和囊袋内黏弹剂,球结膜下注入地塞米松1mg,涂典必殊眼膏包术眼。
2结果
2.1术后视力 随访时间8~20(平均12)mo。术后3mo检查矫正视力,眼轴长<28mm的31眼中视力≥0.5者30眼(97%);眼轴长28~30mm的42眼中视力≥0.5者36眼(86%);>30mm的23眼中视力≥0.5者13眼(57%)。
2.2术中并发症 后囊膜破裂2眼(2%),其中1眼破孔直径5mm,周边部后囊膜完整,玻璃体液化,因此,仍然囊袋内植入人工晶状体;另1眼后囊膜破孔较大,行前部玻璃体切除后,睫状沟植入人工晶状体。
2.3术后并发症 术后角膜水肿5例(5%),用典必殊和金因舒后2~4d恢复,无角膜失代偿者;黄斑囊样水肿2例(2%);视网膜脱离1例,在随访2mo时发现,其为术中后囊膜破裂行睫状沟植入人工晶状体者;后囊膜混浊2例,行YAG激光治疗后视力提高。
3讨论
高度近视眼多伴有眼底视网膜的退行性变,尤其是黄斑部病变对视力影响极大。而眼轴愈长者近视度数愈高、眼底病变也就愈重,三者呈正比关系。另外,角膜曲率和晶状体对眼球屈光度也有一定影响。因此,眼轴长者,由于眼底病变重,术后视力也就差[1]。本组病例中眼轴长<28mm者,术后矫正视力≥0.5(97%);眼轴长28~30mm者,术后视力≥0.5(86%);眼轴长>30mm者,术后视力≥0.5(57%);则说明这一关系。也就是说,眼轴长>30mm者,术后视力较差,但比术前还是有较大提高。术后视力差的患者眼底检查后极部有大片脉络膜萎缩灶或黄斑部变性,甚至有后巩膜葡萄肿,但只要黄斑中心凹未受累及,视力仍然可以明显提高。高度近视眼由于眼轴长,巩膜壁薄,眼压较低,且多伴有玻璃体液化,传统的白内障囊外手术由于切口大,术中眼压不好控制,前房较难稳定,容易发生后囊膜破裂和玻璃体脱出[2]。超声乳化吸出术切口小,眼压相对稳定,黏弹剂容易支撑前房,对眼球后段的影响较小,减少了后囊膜破裂的几率,即使后囊膜破裂了,也明显减少了玻璃体大量脱出的危险性,而且超声乳化术后具有创伤小、散光轻、视力提高明显以及伤口愈合快等优点。高度近视眼常伴有玻璃体液化、浓缩、后脱离等,白内障囊外摘除术后视网膜脱离发生率高达5%~7%[3],如果术中发生后囊膜破裂、玻璃体脱出,术后对视网膜的牵拉增加,发生视网膜脱离的危险性更大。本组病例中,有1眼发生后囊膜破裂及玻璃体脱出,2mo后发生视网膜脱离,其原因与后囊膜不完整和玻璃体牵拉密切相关。高度近视眼白内障超声乳化吸出术由于切口小,眼压相对稳定,黏弹剂容易支撑前房,对眼球后段的影响较小,减少了后囊膜破裂的几率,即使后囊膜破裂了,也明显减少了玻璃体大量脱出的危险性,因此,发生视网膜脱离的几率也远远低于传统的白内障囊外摘除术。因为角膜缘隧道切口不减低眼球壁的牢固性,水分离尤其是水分层减少了超声乳化时间,囊袋内乳化碎核避免了手法娩核对眼球的挤压以及眼压骤降导致的玻璃体后脱离。
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