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《心血管病学》

QRS波群形态对急性心肌梗死患者心功能和预后的影响

发表时间:2010-12-01  浏览次数:417次

  作者:王荣英 田英平 张晓雷 李旭蕊 石汉文 郭宪立 作者单位:河北医科大学第二医院急诊科,河北 石家庄 050000

  【摘要】目的 通过对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者入院时心电图QRS波群变化进行缺血分级,探讨缺血分级的临床意义。方法 223例STEMI患者根据入院时心电图QRS波群变化进行缺血分级:2级缺血组(134例):ST段抬高但QRS波终末部无改变;3级缺血组(89例):除ST段抬高外,QRS波终末部扭曲且常伴R波增高与S波消失。两组患者在发病12 h内均行溶栓治疗,观察心电图ST段变化;梗死后2 w行99m锝甲氧基异丁基异腈(99mTcMIBI)心肌灌注断层显像(SPECT)和99m锝红细胞(99mTcRBC)心血池显像,测定心肌梗死面积和心功能;统计2组患者住院期间并发症的发生率。结果 入院时和溶栓后2 h,3级缺血组ST段抬高的幅度(∑ST)均显著大于2级缺血组(P<0.01),溶栓后2 h,ST段回降率显著低于2级缺血组(P<0.01);3级缺血组肌酸激酶同工酶(CKMB)峰值显著高于2级缺血组(P<0.01),心肌梗死面积大于2级缺血组(P<0.05),左室射血分数低于2级缺血组(P<0.05);两组患者严重心律失常、心力衰竭或心源性休克、再梗死的发生率和住院病死率均无显著性差异,但3级缺血组有高于2级缺血组的趋势。结论 入院时心电图呈3级缺血的急性STEMI患者溶栓后易于出现ST段回降不良,导致心肌梗死面积大,心功能和预后差,需要采取更加积极的治疗措施。

  【关键词】 急性ST段抬高心肌梗死;溶栓治疗;心功能;预后

  Effects of admission QRS complex on ventricular function and prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction

  WANG RongYing, TIAN YingPing, ZHANG XiaoLei, et al.

  Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China

  【Abstract】 Objective To investigate clinical significance of the grade of ischemia by QRS complex on the admission electrocardiogram (ECG) in patients with acute STsegment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods 223 patients wi

  th acute STEMI who received thrombolytic therapy, were divided into two groups based on the enrollment electrocardiogram: grade 2 ischemia (ST elevation without terminal QRS distortion; n=134) and grade 3 ischemia (ST elevation with termina

  l QRS distortion; n=89). 99mTcMIBI SPECT was performed to detect myocardial infarction area(MIA); 99mTc gated cardiac blood pool image was performed to measure ventricular function. The incidence rate of ST segment resolution (STR), and complications in hospital stay were observed. Results ①Patients with grade 3 ischemia had greater ST on admission and 2 h after thrombolysis ECGs (P<0.01), the incidence rate of STR in patients with grade 3 ischemia was lower than that in patients with grade 2 ischemia (P<0.01). ② The peak creatine kinase MB fraction was higher, MIA was greater, and left ventricular eject fraction was lower in patients with grade 3 ischemia than those in patients with grade 2 ischemia (P<0.01; P<0.05). ③There was no significant difference of the incidence of severe arrhythmia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, reinfarction and mortality in hospital between the two groups (P>0.05), but there was a trend of higher incidence of complications in patients with grade 3 ischemia compared with that in patients with grade 2 ischemia. Conclusions Grade 3 ischemia on admission is associated with lower incidence of STR, worse ventricular function and prognosis in patients with STEMI after thrombolysis. These patients should require more active management to improve prognosis.

  【Key words】 Acute STsegment elevation myocardial infarction; Thrombolytic therapy; Ventricular function; Prognosis

  入院时心电图预测急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者的预后是最简单、方便的方法,以往大多数研究集中于通过ST段抬高的导联数量或ST段抬高的绝对值,来预测最终梗死面积和判断预后,结论互相矛盾〔1~3〕。2001年,Birnbaum等〔4〕首次对STEMI患者入院时心电图QRS波群形态进行心肌缺血分级,并进行一系列研究,结果显示缺血分级与临床预后密切相关,但在国内尚未见报道。本研究通过对STEMI患者入院时心电图表现进行缺血分级,采用溶栓进行早期再灌注治疗,观察心电图变化,并应用99m锝甲氧基异丁基腈(99mTcMIBI)心肌灌注断层显像(SPECT)和平衡法核素心室造影的方法测定心肌梗死面积和心室功能,探讨心肌缺血分级的临床意义。

  1 对象与方法

  1.1 研究对象

  2003年7月至2008年4月在我院急诊科收治的急性心肌梗死患者223例。入选标准:①缺血性胸痛≥30 min,休息或含服硝酸甘油不缓解。②心电图可见相邻两个或两个以上导联ST段抬高,肢导≥0.1 mV,胸导≥0.2 mV。③发病时间≤12 h。④无溶栓禁忌证。排除标准:①有束支传导阻滞。②有左室肥厚者。③有2个以上ST段抬高幅度最大的相邻导联T波倒置者。④心电图资料不全者。所有入选患者按照Birnbaum等〔4~7〕缺血分级标准分为两组:3级缺血组(89例):除ST段抬高,要符合以下条件之一:①两个导联以上呈Rs形态的导联S波消失;②两个导联以上呈qR形态的导联J点位于R波高度的50%以上。2级缺血组(134例):ST段抬高,但不能达到3级缺血标准。两组患者在年龄、性别、冠心病危险因素、梗死部位、溶栓时间等方面比较差异无统计学意义,见表1。所有入选患者在溶栓开始前嚼服肠溶阿司匹林300 mg,氯吡格雷300 mg,普通肝素5 000 U静推,同时给予他汀类调脂药、β受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂以及硝酸酯类药物。

  1.2 心电图评估

  患者入院时心电图由两名对临床分组盲知的心电图专业医师进行分析、测定。在J点测量ST段抬高的幅度一般用手工,但接近0.05 mV时用双脚规测量。ST段抬高的幅度(∑ST)以ST段抬高幅度最大的导联为准。ST段回落(STR):在溶栓后2 h,测量ST段抬高幅度最大的导联,以ST段下降幅度达50%或以上为再灌注成功〔8~10〕。

  1.3 99mTcMIBI SPECT和99mTcRBC心血池显像仪器应用Sophy DST双探头SPECT显像仪(法国),患者于梗死后2 w行静息状态下99mTcMIBI心肌灌注断层显像,采用极坐标靶心图定量分析法,测定放射性缺损面积,即心肌梗死面积(MIS)。平衡法99mTcRBC心血池显像测定左室射血分数(LVEF)。

  1.4 住院期间观察

  入院时和溶栓2 h心电图变化,心律失常(室速或室颤,心动过缓或房室传导阻滞)、心力衰竭或心源性休克、再梗死发生率及住院病死率。

  1.5 统计学处理

  应用SPSS10.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用t检验;计数资料用百分率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。

  2 结果

  2.1 心电图ST段回降情况 入院时,3级缺血组ST段抬高的幅度(∑ST)显著大于2级缺血组(P<0.01),溶栓后2 h,∑ST仍显著大于2级缺血组(P<0.01);3级缺血组患者2 h ST段回降≥50%的百分比显著低于2级缺血组(P<0.01),见表1。表1 两组患者的临床资料比较(略)

  2.2 心肌损伤程度和心功能比较

  3级缺血组CKMB峰值显著高于2级缺血组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),见表1。3级缺血组心肌梗死面积大于2级缺血组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。3级缺血组左室射血分数低于2级缺血组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。

  2.3 住院并发症

  3级缺血组患者严重心律失常、心力衰竭或心源性休克的发生率、再梗死率和住院病死率与2级缺血组比较均无显著性差异,但3级缺血组有高于2级缺血组的趋势,见表2。表2 两组患者心功能和住院并发症比较(略)

  3 讨论

  大部分STEMI患者的梗死相关动脉内有血栓形成,所以溶栓治疗是最早采用并沿用至今的再灌注手段。近20年来的临床试验也确立了溶栓治疗在急性心肌梗死治疗中的地位。但是,溶栓治疗有明显的局限性,即使溶栓成功,还存在残余狭窄,可带来出血并发症。相比之下,直接经皮冠脉介入治疗(PPCI)有明显的优势。2004年美国ACC/AHA的STEMI治疗指南建议:在接诊STEMI患者时,必须经过病情评估,再决定选择介入还是溶栓作为再灌注的治疗手段。过去病情评估从患者年龄、发病时间以及有无并发症,来对患者进行危险评价。而Birnbaum等〔4~7〕的研究认为,通过对患者入院时心电图,是否存在QRS波终末部扭曲变形(3级缺血),来推断患者的预后,从而有助于患者选取最佳的再灌注治疗方法。对此,我们也进行了研究,并发现3级缺血组患者ST段回降≥50%的百分比显著低于2级缺血组。而溶栓治疗后早期ST段回降是预测心肌组织再灌注的强有力的指标,ST段回落不良与患者心功能差、死亡率和再梗率增高密切相关〔8~10〕。

  本研究结果表明,3级缺血组CKMB峰值显著高于2级缺血组,心肌梗死面积大于2级缺血组,左室射血分数低于2级缺血组,住院并发症包括严重心律失常、心力衰竭或心源性休克的发生率、再梗死率和住院病死率均有高于2级缺血组的趋势,说明2级缺血组心功能和预后好于3级缺血组。其可能的机制是:3级缺血组由于心肌严重缺血,使浦肯野氏纤维传导延迟,导致心电图QRS波终末部扭曲变形;而这种严重的心肌缺血由于细胞坏死进展迅速,因此尽管3级缺血组与2级缺血组从发病到溶栓时间无明显差别,但3级缺血组心肌组织再灌注差,心肌梗死面积大,最终心功能和预后差。然而,心电图QRS波终末部扭曲变形并不意味着心肌已经坏死不能再挽救,因为在变异性心绞痛的患者心电图中我们也能经常看到这种图形,但在事件发生后心电图却可以恢复到正常。因此,3级缺血提示我们应尽快、尽早采取有效再灌注手段如直接PCI治疗挽救患者生命。

  综上所述,入院时心电图呈3级缺血患者溶栓后易于出现ST段回降不良,最终心肌梗死面积大,心功能和预后差,需要我们采取更加积极的治疗措施,改善患者的预后。

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