埃索美拉唑在消化道疾病中的应用
发表时间:2009-06-25 浏览次数:717次
作者:司岑,郭新宁 作者单位:宁夏医学院附属医院消化科,银川 750004
【关键词】 埃索美拉唑 消化道疾病 幽门螺杆菌
对酸相关性疾病的治疗主要是应用抑酸药,一是组胺-H2受体拮抗剂,另一是质子泵抑制剂(PPI)[1],PPI的广泛应用,使许多酸相关性疾病得到了很好的治疗。左旋奥美拉唑,商品名为耐信(Nexium)在国内的临床应用已有3年多的历史,具有较强的抑酸作用。现将其药代动力学、抑酸能力、联合应用根除幽门螺杆菌(HP)及临床疗效等药物作用综述如下。
1 埃索美拉唑的药代动力学及抑酸能力
埃索美拉唑经由CYP3A4途径代谢最多,对CYP2C19依赖性小。经CYP2C19和3A4代谢的比例约为3∶1,低于其他PPI(6∶1),因此临床疗效更稳定[2]。埃索美拉唑用药时曲线下面积(AUC)更大,血药峰值浓度(Cmax)明显高于其他的PPI,其40mg和20mg的曲线下面积分别是奥美拉唑20mg的5倍和2倍[3]。代谢优势使埃索美拉唑抑酸作用更强,临床效果更稳定[4]。埃索美拉唑在快代谢型患者和慢代谢型患者中的抑酸效果无明显差异[5];口服埃索美拉唑在4h内胃液pH值即可升至4.3,pH>4 的时间明显长于雷贝拉唑,起效更迅速,抑酸更持久,在治疗的第1天和第5天胃内pH中位值均明显高于雷贝拉唑[5]。有报道[6],口服埃索美拉唑40mg,每日2次,治疗24h后胃液pH可达6.4,而口服泮托拉唑40mg,每日2次,治疗24h后pH值为5.1;前者pH>4的时间可维持到21.1h而后者仅为16.8h;此外,无论是16h后pH>4的时间还是抑制夜间酸分泌,埃索美拉唑均强于泮托拉唑。埃索美拉唑服药第1天胃内pH>4的时间明显长于其他PPI,抑酸作用明显优于其他PPI,使更多患者尽快达到抑酸要求,用药后第5天,胃内pH>4在12h以上的患者明显高于其他PPI[5-9]。Miner等研究发现[6],埃索美拉唑在治疗第5天其pH>4的时间为14h,而奥美拉唑、兰索拉唑、泮托拉唑和雷贝拉唑则分别为12.1、11.8、11.5和10h,说明埃索美拉唑抑酸明显优于其他PPI。Katz[10]认为口服埃索美拉唑40mg每日2次较40mg每日1次抑酸作用更显著。在24h内胃内pH>4可作为治疗酸相关疾病合理用药的参考值。有学者将埃索美拉唑分为20mg每日2次口服,第1天即可改善症状,第2天即达到最满意的效果,在第1周的治疗中夜间酸控制均取得良好的效果[6,11-12]。埃索美拉唑40mg每日1次,抑酸作用明显优于其他PPI[11]。
2 埃索美拉唑的抗HP作用
埃索美拉唑一周三联疗法与其他PPI一周三联疗法后续3周PPI抗酸治疗方案疗效相同,HP根除率可达90%[13-16]。埃索美拉唑一周三联疗法无需追加单药抗酸治疗,因而用药更简单,更经济[13-18]。埃索美拉唑三联治疗方案(EAC)治疗十二指肠溃疡使其愈合仅需服药1周即可[17-18]。Gisbert将十二指肠溃疡病人分别用埃索美拉唑一周三联与奥美拉唑一周三联治疗方案,埃索美拉唑组HP根除率高于奥美拉唑组。同时还可有效愈合胃溃疡,长期保持低复发[13-19]。
3 临床疗效
临床研究表明[11-12],埃索美拉唑治疗胃食管反流病(GERD)比奥美拉唑20mg或兰索拉唑30mg每日1次疗效更明显,病人耐受性和毒副作用与奥美拉唑相似;埃索美拉唑治疗GERD疗效明显高于其他PPI,埃索美拉唑治疗出现烧心症状持续缓解的时间更早,起效更加迅速,维持治疗GERD的复发率明显低于其他的PPI[20-22]。临床试验显示,埃索美拉唑治疗糜烂性食管炎4周和8周的愈合率明显高于泮托拉唑和兰索拉唑。无论是对食道糜烂性胃食管反流病还是食道非糜烂性胃食管反流病,前7d病人应用埃索美拉唑后症状即可获明显改善[23]。埃索美拉唑治疗各级胃食管反流病较兰索拉唑的治愈率显著增高,烧心等症状改善明显[24],超过60%的内镜检查阴性的胃食管反流病人经过埃索美拉唑40mg每日1次或埃索美拉唑20mg每日1次治疗后可明显改善症状,而经过4周后以上比例不再显著上升[25]。在内镜阴性的胃食管反流病的病人予埃索美拉唑20mg治疗病人更易接受,较兰索拉唑15mg持续治疗更经济,更有效[26]。埃索美拉唑具有良好的安全性和耐受性,短期和长期使用的不良反应和停药后的情况均与其他PPI相似,发生率非常低,长期使用未见严重不良反应。
4 其他作用
非甾体类抗炎药物主要的副作用是胃肠道副作用,估计15%~40%的病人会产生,15%~30%长期使用非甾体类抗炎药的病人会产生胃溃疡,研究证明,埃索美拉唑20或40mg可以明显降低非甾体类抗炎药物引起的上消化道症状,包括COX-2抑制剂引起的上消化道症状[27-28]。全球每天使用非甾体类抗炎药的病人超过3000万。现埃索美拉唑新适应证在欧洲获批,用于治疗由于病人使用非甾体类抗炎药所引起的胃肠道症状,包括胃溃疡,以及对长期使用非甾体类抗炎药发生胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡高危人群的预防有很好的疗效。埃索美拉唑对所有的非甾体类抗炎药都有效,包括COX-2抑制剂,尽管此类药物的胃肠道副作用比其他非甾体抗炎药的胃肠道副作用小[28]。
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