关节镜下可吸收螺钉与金属螺钉重建ACL术后比较
发表时间:2009-06-19 浏览次数:795次
作者:方镇洙,柳硕柱
作者单位:首尔NOW医院关节外科中心,韩国 #首尔463-824 【摘要】 目的 膝关节镜下采用可吸收界面螺钉与金属界面螺钉重建膝关节前交叉韧带术后结果比较。方法 选择随访1年以上采用可吸收界面螺钉和金属界面螺钉,自体骨髌腱骨移植肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带105 例,分为3个组:股骨及胫骨隧道均采用可吸收界面螺钉固定60 例为Ⅰ组;股骨隧道采用可吸收界面螺钉而胫骨用金属界面螺钉固定25 例为Ⅱ组;股骨及胫骨隧道均采用金属界面螺钉固定20 例为Ⅲ组。术前术后物理检查,包括:抽屉试验、Lachman试验、Pivot shift试验,此外放射线拍片、KT2000测定,最后Lysholm膝关节评分。结果 术前Lysholm膝关节评分平均值:Ⅰ组58.8分,Ⅱ组56.1分,Ⅲ组56.9分,术后恢复为Ⅰ组89.6分,Ⅱ组91.6分,Ⅲ组89.7分。术前KT2000测定平均值:Ⅰ组6.89 mm,Ⅱ组6.88 mm,Ⅲ组7.15 mm,术后恢复为Ⅰ组2.95 mm,Ⅱ组2.86 mm,Ⅲ组3.04 mm。术后6周至3个月间复查,只有Ⅰ组出现膝关节轻度弛缓症状,但以后逐渐恢复,与另外两组比较未见统计学差异。结论 采用两种界面螺钉不管在关节稳定性还是术后并发症上均没有统计学差异。只是术后3个月内均采用可吸收界面螺钉组有轻度弛缓症状,故作者提倡股骨用可吸收界面螺钉、胫骨用金属界面螺钉,而且术后3个月内有必要采取支具等辅助措施进行功能康复。
【关键词】 前交叉韧带重建 可吸收界面螺钉 金属界面螺钉
Comparison after Absorbable and Metal Interference Screw Fixation in Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
FANG Zhenzhu, LUY SookJoo
(Joint Surgery Center, Seoul NOW Hospital, Seoul 463824, Korea)
Abstract: Objective To compare the postoperative results between the patient group which used absorbable interference screw and metal interference screw during ACL reconstruction surgery. Methods The study is based on 105 patients who underwent arthroscopic with autogenous BPTB anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with absorbable and metal screws and those who underwent more than 1 year of follow up, 60 patients were classified into group 1 where absorbable interference screw was used to fixate femur and tibia, and 25 patients fell into group 2 where absorbable interference screw was used on femur and metal interference screw on tibia, and 20 patients were classified into group 3 where metal interference screw was used on both the femur and tibia, Physical exam such as Anterior draw test, Lachman test, and Pivot shift test were conducted on all these patients before and after the surgery, and during the last follow up visit, and Lysholm knee score was taken, and after KT2000 arthrometer and simple radiological exams were performed, the results were analyzed. Results Clinical analysis of the obtained data showed that average preoperative Lysholm knee score of group 1 was 58.8, 56.1 for group 2, and 56.9 for group 3. At the last followup visit the average score improved to 89.6 for group 1, 91.6 for group 2, and 89.7 for group 3. In comparison to preoperative KT2000 maximal manual side to side difference (STSD) for group 1 was 6.89 mm. 6.88 mm for group 2 and 7.15 mm for group 3. Post operative KT2000 improved to 2.95 mm for group 1, 2.86 mm for group2, and 3.04 mm for group 3. Statistically significant manifestation of relaxation symptoms were found only in group 1 between the 6th week and the 3rd month after the operation. Conclusion The data obtained during last followup visit after the surgery showed no statistically significant difference in the stability of joints and the prevalence of complication was found between the two interference screws. When absorbable interference screw was used alone the fixation was loose for the first 3 months. In order to prevent such loosening and to maximize the advantage of absorbable interference screw, the authors recommend that absorbable interference screw be used for the fixation of femur and metal interference screw for the fixation of tibia and take brace rehabilitation until postoperation 3 months.
Key words: ACL reconstruction; absorbable interference screw; metal interference screw
膝前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)对维持关节稳定性起很重要的作用。如果受到损伤,不仅引起关节不稳定,而且周围其他结构也会损伤,甚至出现严重的关节功能障碍。为此广大学者关注前交叉韧带重建术,但是在交叉韧带移植物固定方面有许多争论[1~5]。最近强调韧带重建术后要早期活动,这就要求加强移植肌腱固定强度,所以移植肌腱固定界面螺钉材质选择是争论的焦点之一。金属界面螺钉有较强的固定力,特别是骨髌腱骨移植肌腱固定。可吸收界面螺钉是高分子聚合物,体内会逐渐被吸收而由自体骨取代,并且术中对移植肌腱损伤少,故多用来固定半腱肌、股薄肌腱移植肌腱。可吸收界面螺钉具有不干扰核磁共振影像、翻修容易等优点,但近来也有反应性滑膜炎、可吸收螺钉周围骨质吸收等并发症的报道。骨髌腱骨韧带移植还是较可靠的ACL重建的“金标准”,特别是职业运动员,为了早期上场参加比赛,首选骨髌腱骨韧带移植重建。可是最近采用界面螺钉材质上有学术争议,所以作者对近几年在韩国首尔NOW医院采用可吸收界面螺钉与金属螺钉ACL重建术后105 例病人进行了结果比较,探讨两种界面螺钉的使用方法及注意事项。
1 对象与方法
1.1 对象 2000年12月至2004年12月韩国首尔NOW医院关节外科中心,在关节镜下采用骨髌腱骨移植肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带损伤,术后1年以上追踪复查105 例作为研究对象。其中股骨与胫骨均采用可吸收界面螺钉固定60 例为Ⅰ组;股骨采用可吸收界面螺钉固定,胫骨用金属螺钉25 例为Ⅱ组;股骨与胫骨均采用金属界面螺钉固定20 例为Ⅲ组,做对照比较。患者年龄分布,Ⅰ组平均年龄33 岁;Ⅱ组平均年龄31 岁;Ⅲ组平均年龄32 岁。男女比例,Ⅰ组男52 例,女8 例;Ⅱ组男20 例,女5 例;Ⅲ组男17 例,女3 例。平均随访时间:Ⅰ组41个月;Ⅱ组20个月;Ⅲ组32个月。受伤至手术平均时间:Ⅰ组15周,Ⅱ组10周,Ⅲ组11周。受伤原因:运动伤67 例(63.8%),交通事故19 例(18.1%),跌伤15 例(14.3%),坠落伤4 例(3.8%)。
1.2 方法 全部研究对象受伤后由相同术者采用相同术式,在关节镜下采用骨髌腱骨重建ACL。首先,关节镜下确认其他伴随损伤及作相应处理后,取髌腱中1/3骨髌腱骨移植肌腱:髌骨块宽10 mm、长25 mm;胫骨块宽10 mm、长30 mm。手术时确保移植韧带所处空间,以防移植韧带撞击,必要时行股骨髁间成形术。每次关节镜通过胫骨隧道确认股骨隧道,保证移植韧带位于ACL等张点。移植肌腱保持一定的紧张度后,从前内侧镜入口植入界面螺钉固定。操作时注意界面螺钉不损伤移植肌腱,而且保证移植肌腱和螺钉的稳固性。为了保持移植骨片与螺钉平行植入,膝关节屈曲90°位操作,股骨隧道固定后使移植韧带保持紧张状态,数次后伸关节,以便移植肌腱在隧道内充分伸展,同时确认移植韧带等张活动及有无撞击等。最后,膝关节伸直位胫骨隧道骨块界面螺钉固定。
术后第1天开始作股四头肌强化运动,第2天戴支具作主动膝关节后伸运动,2周后可以下地部分负重、6周后全部负重行走。全部病人术前及术后最终复查Pivot shift试验、Lachman试验、抽屉试验等检查,并测定Lysholm膝关节评分、KT2000 arthrometer及单纯放射线拍片,检查后三组间作结果比较。统计学SAS系统数据处理,配对t检验统计分析(P<0.05)。
2 结 果
术前Lysholm膝关节评分测定:Ⅰ组(58.8±8.04)分、Ⅱ组(56.1±7.93)分、Ⅲ组(56.9±7.87)分;术后最终测定:各组分别是(89.6±7.34)分、(91.6±8.16)分、(89.7±7.54)分,指数恢复但无统计学意义。术前KT2000测定:Ⅰ组(6.89±1.79) mm、Ⅱ组(6.88±1.71) mm、Ⅲ组(7.15±1.66) mm;术后各组分别是(2.95±1.47) mm、(2.86±1.85) mm、(3.04±1.57) mm,指数恢复但无统计学意义。术后6周、3个月、6个月、1年,以后每年复查KT2000测定,发现股骨与胫骨均使用可吸收界面螺钉的Ⅰ组,到第6周时出现比另外两组有统计学意义的迟缓征象,到了3个月时三组结果才相同(见表1)。表1 术后双侧KT2000最大测量值结果比较
6周3个月6个月12个月最后随访Ⅰ组 3.02±1.51*3.18±1.733.22±1.573.15±1.602.95±1.58Ⅱ组2.41±1.412.95±1.673.01±1.692.95±1.542.86±1.13Ⅲ组2.50±1.283.03±1.433.28±1.443.25±1.253.04±1.61Ⅰ组与Ⅱ、Ⅲ组比较P<0.05
术后并发症方面,Ⅰ组出现反应性滑膜炎3 例,另外两组无;Ⅰ组出现膝前疼痛7 例(11.6%),Ⅱ组3 例(12%),Ⅲ组3 例(15%)。因并发症临床症状不严重,故只进行理疗,包括冰袋敷、股四头肌加强运动、膝关节屈伸运动,以及消炎止痛药口服等一般保守治疗及观察。
3 讨 论
20世纪80年代中期就开始广泛应用骨髌腱骨移植重建前交叉韧带治疗前交叉韧带损伤引起的膝关节前方不稳定。该移植肌腱的优点是最大载荷高(约2 300N)、强度大(620N/mm),移植肌腱两端带有骨块可进行坚强的内固定,愈合也快,可以称之为关节镜下治疗膝关节前方不稳定的代表性疗法。成功的交叉韧带重建术影响因素有:移植肌腱选择[6],肌腱移植位置(等张点)[7~9],移植肌腱张力[10],移植肌腱固定[11],康复程序[12,13],移植肌腱再生[14]等,其中术后初期移植肌腱股骨及胫骨端固定强度被认定为最重要的因素。骨髌腱骨移植重建方法比其他任何方法固定可靠,两端骨片间中1/3髌腱强度比正常前交叉韧带强175%,术后1周内移植腱固定强度最强[6],所以术后能早期进行功能运动康复。最近强调术后早期功能锻炼,这就要求加强移植腱固定强度。界面螺钉固定方法在加强移植腱固定强度方面比其他方法有许多优点,所以被广泛推广应用。金属界面螺钉报道有很好的固定能力,但手术时有可能锥出原隧道或损伤移植腱、骨质疏松病人固定强度反而下降、翻修手术时取螺钉难度大、术后结果判定时不能作MRI检查等缺点。为克服金属螺钉的上述缺点,出现了可吸收界面螺钉固定方法。
在界面螺钉置入操作过程中,金属界面螺钉不仅有可能脱离隧道,而且与移植腱骨块摩擦产生热损伤或机械损伤。这种现象在可吸收界面螺钉就很少见,因为可吸收界面螺钉比金属钉有柔性,对移植肌腱损伤少,仅顺着已形成的隧道推入,一般不会脱出隧道[15]。另外,可吸收界面螺钉是高分子生物制品,以后翻修时也不需要取出;而且重新选定移植腱位置时不受影响;如果股骨隧道过大,也可以追加另一枚可吸收界面螺钉加固;术后核磁共振检查时影像不受影响。
可吸收界面螺钉是多聚乳酸有机高分子聚合物,在体内水解分解时释放乳酸,通过肺细胞释放排除体外。据报道该水解反应与骨溶解或破骨反应无关,半衰期为6个月左右,残留物过48个月后变成粉末变性,逐渐被自体骨所取代[16]。Barber等[15]认为术后3个月可以观察到自体骨的取代现象。作者资料中股骨胫骨均用可吸收界面螺钉的Ⅰ组,术后6周开始KT2000测定出现统计学意义的关节弛缓现象,3个月后逐渐恢复到与另外两组相同的指数。
Thietje等[17]报道了胫骨发生自发性骨折;Bottoni等[18]报道了急性半月板损伤相似的症状;Barber等[15]报道可吸收界面螺钉股骨隧道置入时7%螺钉有可能破损;Oster[19]报道可吸收界面螺钉股骨部位破损20%,胫骨部位破损27%;作者也有6 例(5%)可吸收界面螺钉股骨隧道置入时有部分破损,追加新的1枚可吸收界面螺钉固定,没有更换新的移植肌腱。
膝前疼痛方面,O′Brien等[20]报道发生率在28%;Shelbourne[21]报道的是7%的发生率。Shelbourne认为前交叉韧带重建术后要想预防膝前疼痛,不是限制活动而是早期强调伸膝活动。胫骨韧带移植部纤维化、股骨髁间移植腱撞击以至伸膝不全是膝前疼痛的主要原因,所以膝前疼痛的前提就是关节伸直不全。根据生物力学原理,屈膝位髌股关节负荷增加,因而产生膝前疼痛。本研究资料中也观察到平均12%左右的膝前疼痛。
关于可吸收界面螺钉固定强度的研究,许多学者作了术后物理检查,Lysholm膝关节评分及KT2000测定上出现了与金属界面螺钉相似的结果[22~26],作者设计的可吸收界面螺钉与金属界面螺钉变位固定的三组研究资料结果中也没有统计学差异。
总之,可吸收界面螺钉重建前交叉韧带最初3个月是移植肌腱固定强度减弱时期,有必要采取支具等辅助措施进行功能康复。同时为了克服可吸收界面螺钉的缺点,又发挥金属界面螺钉的优点,作者提倡股骨采用可吸收界面螺钉,而胫骨采用金属界面螺钉重建前交叉韧带。
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