非接触标测指导导管消融左室特发性室性心动过速
发表时间:2009-06-27 浏览次数:761次
作者:王业松,胡苑,冯冲,唐安丽
作者单位:( 中山大学附属第一医院心血管内科//心血管研究所, 广东 广州 510080 ) 【摘要】 【目的】 探讨非接触标测是否可以揭示左室特发性室性心动过速(ILVT)的舒张期电位(DP)和浦氏电位(PP)的部位,指导有效导管消融。【方法】 Ensite 3000非接触标测多极球囊导管标测ILVT的激动起源(EA)、传导径路(CP)和出口(EX),用消融导管分别于这些部位行接触标测。【结果】 6例ILVT周长为(286±38)ms,非接触标测显示4例激动起源(EA)位于中间隔,2例位于下间隔,EA较体表QRS波提前约(48.6±32.8)ms,传导径路长约(2.6±0.9)ms。6例病人在窦性心律下消融导管起搏标测12导联QRS形态与ILVT相匹配(≥11/12)处位于EX,而非EA(≤10/12)见正文。6例病人在室性心动过速期间消融导管于EA和CP处标测到PP, 2例于EA标测到DP, 1例于EX标测到PP。6例病人在窦性心律下于ILVT起源部位行片状或/和传导径路作线性消融均获成功,随访(12±6)月,未见复发。【结论】 非接触标测通过显示ILVT起源及传导径路,可揭示DP和PP部位,从而有效地指导ILVT导管消融。
【关键词】 室性心动过速; 标测; 导管消融
Catheter Ablation of Idiopathic Left Ventricular Tachycardia Guided by Noncontact Mapping//WANG Ye-song, HU Yuan, FENG Chong, TANG An-li, DONG Yu-gang, MA Hong( Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, SUN Yat-sen University//Cardiovascular Research Institute of SUN Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China )
Abstract: 【Objective】To investigate whether noncontact mapping system could detect the Purkinje potential (PP) and late diastolic potential (DP)of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia(ILVT), which may serve as the target for a successful catheter ablation. 【Methods】 The noncontact mapping of Ensite3000 multielectrode array was applied to map the site of earliest activation (EA) during the end of diastole, conduction pathway(CP), and the exit point (EX) subsequently depolarized the left ventricle, then contact mapping was done by ablation catheter. 【Results】 As the results, there was 6 patients with the ILVT cycle length of (286±38)ms. The indicaed site of EA by noncontact mapping was at the middle septum in 4 patients, and at the inferior septum in 2 patients. Mean time of EA was (48.6±32.8)ms before onset of the surface QRS. The length of conduction pathway was (2.6±0.9)cm. The ablation catheter mapping showed perfect match in at least 11 of 12 leads at the EX (≥11/12), but not at the EA (≤10/12) with pace mapping during sinus rhythm. Purkinje potentials were mapped at EA and CP in all cases, but only one case at EX, and diastolic potentials were mapped at EA in 2 cases during ILVT. All cases were successfully ablated by area ablation at EA or/and line ablation at CP during sinus rhythm. None suffered a recurrence during (12±6) months follow-up.【Conclusion】 The noncontact mapping system can detect the site of PP or DP through showing EA and CP of ILVT, which can effectively guide catheter ablation of ILVT.
Key words: ventricular tachycardia; mapping; catheter ablation
[J SUN Yat-sen Univ(Med Sci), 2007, 28(5):598-600]
右束支阻滞伴电轴左偏的左室特发性室性心动过速(idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia, ILVT)多发生于无器质性心脏病的年轻病人,其机制多为起源于左后分支的折返激动。射频导管消融是根治ILVT有效方法。以往的研究显示消融导管标测ILVT最早浦氏电位(purkinje potential PP)或舒张期电位(diastolic potential, DP)可作为有效的消融靶点[1-3]。Ensite非接触标测系统可以感知一个心动周期内的心腔内电位,进行瞬时多点(>3000)的等时等电位标测,重建心脏立体电解剖图形并快速准确确定心脏电活动的起源、电传导路径及出口,将电活动与心脏的立体形状相结合,通过动态的三维等电势图分析确定消融靶点后,无需X线指导,依据导航记忆定位系统,可在窦性心律下指导消融治疗。一些研究显示Ensite 3000非接触标测系统可有效地指导室性心动过速(ventricular tachycardia, VT)导管消融[4-6]。本研究探讨非接触标测是否可以揭示ILVT的舒张期电位(DP)和浦氏电位(PP)的部位,指导有效导管消融。
1 材料和方法
1.1 病例资料
2004年9月至2006年12月住院射频消融治疗230例心动过速患者,其中6例经临床及心内电生理诊断为ILVT。6例患者,男4例,女2例,年龄18~42岁,心动过速病史1~6年,心动过速均为右束支传导阻滞伴电轴左偏,QRS波群宽度0.12~0.14 s,频率160~220 min-1。经X线、二维超声心动图等检查均未发现有器质性心脏病。
1.2 电生理检查与左室三维图象构建
术前停用抗心律失常药物5个半衰期,常规放置冠状窦、右室心尖部电极或/和希氏束电极。在基础状态下于右室心尖部或右室流出道行程序刺激(S1S2,S1S2S3或S1S2S3S4)诱发心动过速,证实为ILVT后,记录12导联心电图,终止心动过速。心内双极电图采用30~500 kHz滤波。
9F 64极非接触球囊电极通过0.035寸导引钢丝经股动脉置于左心室。用1/3造影剂 / 生理盐水6~8 mL混合液充盈球囊,球囊充盈后与Ensite 3000标测系统连接,用消毒透明塑胶胶布固定外鞘管及球囊导管,以防球囊移位。肝素首次5000 IU静脉注射,以后1000 IU/h,每小时检测激活的凝血时间(active clotting time,ACT),维持ACT 250~300 ms。消融导管与球囊电极位于同一心腔。消融导管的尾线经转换插头分别与普通生理记录仪和Ensite 3000系统相连,消融导管采集心腔不同部位信号,并通过导管顶端发射信号(5 kHz)至球囊上的64个电极。根据64个电极接受的不同强度信号,Ensite 3000系统计算出消融导管顶端与球囊的空间位置关系,系统可模拟出被标测心腔的舒张末期三维空间构型。
1.3 标测和消融
在窦性心律下,诱发心动过速,记录5~10 s心动过速后,超速抑制终止心动过速,应用重建单极电图和等电位激动图分析和识别ILVT起源部位、传导径路和出口。起源部位(the site of earliest activation, EA)即为ILVT最早激动点,在等电位激动图上最早显示的白色区域,对应的虚拟单极电图呈浅q波;出口(the exit point, EX)即为激动快速突破传至周围健康心内膜的部位,对应的虚拟单极电图呈深QS波,传导径路即位于起源部位与出口之间传导通道。消融均在窦性心律下进行,消融能量设定为50 W,温度设定为60 ℃,每一点放电60 s。消融终点为消融线两侧起搏达到双向传导阻滞和消融后重复术前程序刺激不再诱发心动过速。
1.4 随 访
术后定期门诊随访。
2 结 果
2.1 非接触标测
6例病人均可反复诱发ILVT,其周长为(286±38) ms。非接触标测系统记录5~10 s心动过速分析标测等电势图以决定舒张期最早激动部位,即激动起源(the site of earliest activation, EA),以及随后心室除极最早部位,即出口(the exit point, EX),EA和EX之间激动路径,即传导径路(conduction pathway, CP,图1)。6例病人中4例EA位于中间隔,2例位于下间隔,EA较体表QRS波提前约(48.6±32.8) ms,CP长约(2.6±0.9) cm。
2.2 消融导管接触标测
消融导管在窦性心律下分别于EA和EX处行起搏标测,6例病人EX处显示起搏12导联QRS形态与ILVT相匹配(≥11/12,图2A),而EA处显示起搏12导联QRS形态与ILVT并不匹配(≤10/12)。在ILVT期间分别于EA、CP和EX处标测,6例病人于EA和CP上标测到PP,2例于EA标测到DP(图2B),1例于EX处标测到PP。
2.3 消 融
6例病人在窦性心律下,于ILVT起源部位作片状或传导径路作线行消融均获成功。随访(12±6)月,未见复发。
3 讨 论
常规X线指导下消融导管标测ILVT的最早心室除极激动结合起搏标测的12导联QRS形态类似于心动过速QRS形态已证实为成功消融的有效靶点[7],推测该部位为ILVT的出口。本组6例ILVT病人于Ensite 3000非接触标测显示出口处起搏标测12导联心电图QRS形态与ILVT一致(≥11/12),而起源处起搏标测12导联QRS形态与ILVT不匹配(≤10/12)。这说明常规X线指导下导管标测研究推测心室最早除极激动结合起搏标测的方法是消融ILVT出口是正确的。消融导管在远离ILVT出口处标测最早PP或/和DP,作为消融靶点,可成功消融ILVT[1-3]。本组6例ILVT同样均在远离ILVT出口的起源部位作片状消融和/或传导径路线性消融获得成功。
常规X线指导下导管标测和消融的结果提示ILVT的机制多为折返,但其真正特性仍不清楚,有多种推测:①起源于左后分支的微折返[8];②与周围心室肌隔离、局限于浦氏系统折返[9];③折返环具有从心尖至中间隔相当大的缓慢传导区,从左室间隔心尖至中间隔区域[1];④缓慢传导区具有入口和出口[10]。本组病人非接触标测支持ILVT有一个CP(2.6±0.9)cm,但未能显示完整折返环。CP和EA处可标测到PP,说明浦氏系统参与折返。2例病人于EA处标测到DP,既然DP代表缓慢传导区的入口, 为什么本组并非所有病人与ILVT起源处显示DP?这可能是因为非接触标测只反映心内膜激动,若ILVT起源即缓慢传导区入口处于心内膜下心肌内,则非接触标测所显示ILVT起源,则只是缓慢传导区一部分而非真的ILVT入口,因此本组6例病人中仅2例于EA处标测到DP。6例病人非接触标测虚拟单极电图均未显示出DP及PP,但消融导管双极电图记录证实ILVT起源和传导径路存在这些电位,说明非接触标测虚拟单极电图在标测折返环的缓慢传导区成份并不敏感。
综上所述,非接触标测通过显示ILVT起源及传导径路,可揭示常规导管标测的DP和PP部位,从而有效地指导ILVT导管消融,但非接触标测虚拟单极电图不能敏感地显示出DP及PP。
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