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PET/CT对头颈部非霍奇金淋巴瘤CT放疗计划的影响

发表时间:2012-06-21  浏览次数:772次

  作者:王中和  作者单位:200011 上海,上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院放疗科

  上海市科学技术委员会资助项目(编号08DZ2271100)

  【摘要】目的 前瞻性评估PET/CT对头颈部非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者CT放疗计划(CT-TPS)和治疗模式的影响。方法 2007年10月至2008年12月,22例病理证实的头颈部NHL患者进入本研究。原发部位:鼻咽部8例、扁桃体4例、腮腺4例、甲状腺2例、鼻腔4例。对患者先做治疗体位CT模拟和CT-TPS,行18-F-FDG PET/CT检查后,由同一物理师再完成PET/CT-TPS。比较两个计划,评估PET/CT对CT-TPS包括靶区体积、放射野和治疗模式的影响。结果 PET/CT检查后,2例NHL患者增加下颈部放射野(原CT下颈部阴性,PET/CT显示下颈部有阳性浓聚),1例鼻咽NHL患者取消了上颌窦的放射野;3例患者PET/CT-GTV边缘超出CT-GTV≥2 mm,4例患者的CT-GTV边缘超出PET/CT-GTV≥2 mm;PET/CT-GTV平均体积29.6 cm3,明显小于CT-GTV的41.3 cm3,二者差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.05);9例患者(40.9%,9/22)两个放疗计划GTV体积差≥15%;3例(13.6%)患者PET/CT检查后发现横膈下转移,分期提高,改变了治疗模式。结论 PET/CT提高了CT-GTV的准确性,减少正常组织的放射,对头颈部NHL患者的放疗计划具有较高的临床价值。

  【关键词】 头颈部;淋巴瘤,非霍奇金;放疗计划;正电子放射断层扫描融合;CT断层扫描

  Influence of PET/CT on CT-based radiation treatment plan in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma of head and neck region WANG Zhong-he.Division of Radiation Oncology,Shanghai Ninth Peoples Hospital,School of Medicine,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200011,China

  [Abstract] Objective The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the influence of PET/CT on CT-based radiation treatment plan and therapy modality in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma of head and neck region.Methods Twenty-two patients with primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma in head and neck region including nasopharyngeal (n=8),tonsil(n=4),parotid gland (n=4) thyroid (n=2) and nasal cavity(n=4)were enrolled on the study between October,2007 and December,2008.Non-contrast and contrast-enhanced CT scan on head and neck for every patient in the treatment position were obtained first.After that,an integrated FDG-PET/CT was obtained.Subsequently,a CT-based radiation treatment plan and a PET/CT-based radiation treatment plan were designed by same radiotherapist.The two treatment plans of every patient were compared to evaluate the influences of PET/CT on CT-based radiation treatment plan including the changes of radiation volume in gross tumor volume (GTV),radiation fields and overall therapy modality.Results Two patients radiation fields in neck were added in lower neck because PET/CT showed positive cervical lymph nodes (CT scan negative).And in CT-based radiation treatment plan of another patient with NHL at nasopharyngeal,both of primary site and maxillary sinus were designed into radiation fields.After PET/CT scan,the plan changed to radiate to primary site only because of PET/CT negative at maxillary sinus.The margins of PET/CT-GTV in 3 patients were surpass≥2 mm than of CT-GTV.And the margins of CT-GTV in 4 patients were surpass≥2 mm than of PET/CT-GTV.The mean volumes in PET/CT-GTV and CT-GTV were 29.6 cm3 and 41.3 cm3,respectively.The mean volumes of PET/CT-GTV were more less than of CT-GTV (P<0.05). ≥15% changes of radiation volume in PET/CT-GTV and CT-GTV for same patient were accounted for 9/22 (40.9%).Two patients changed overall radiation modality from definitive radiation therapy into palliative radiation therapy and chemotherapy because PET/CT showed metastases under diaphragm and up-staging.Conclusion PET/CT improved accuracy of the CT-GTV and spared the surrounding normal tissues.Additional PET/CT-based radiation treatment plan is valuable for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma of head and neck region.

  [Key words] head and neck region;lymphoma,non-Hodgkin;radiation treatment plan;PET;CT

  18F-脱氧葡萄糖正电子放射断层扫描融合CT(PET/CT)是一种先进的影像技术,在肿瘤显像上优于传统的CT、磁共振(MRI)和超声显像,已在恶性淋巴瘤的诊断、分期、预后评价上起重要作用[1,2],并已进入放射治疗计划领域[3]。为了评价PET/CT对头颈部非霍奇金淋巴瘤(Non-Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL)放射治疗计划的影响,对2007年10月至2008年12月我科收治的22例头颈部NHL放疗患者做CT模拟和PET/CT检查,并对同一患者两个计划进行比较评估。现将该前瞻性研究结果报告如下。

  1 资料与方法

  1.1 一般资料 本文22例头颈部NHL放疗患者中男17例,女5例,年龄24~55岁,中位年龄39岁。肿瘤原发部位:鼻咽部8例,扁桃体4例,腮腺4例,甲状腺2例,鼻腔4例。全部病例均经病理诊断为NHL,按免疫组化检查分型,18例为弥漫性B细胞型NHL,均为<10 cm的结外型肿块,4例为鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤为(局限IE和超腔IE各2例)。按Ann Arbor标准分期,22例患者中Ⅰ期14例,Ⅱ期8例。入组患者采用先化疗(CHOP方案为主,2~4周期)再放疗-再化疗的综合治疗模式。

  1.2 CT模拟定位和放疗计划(CT-TPS) 患者在热塑型U形面罩固定的放疗体位下,先平扫后增强共2次做头颈部CT扫描,扫描层厚2.5 mm。患者的平扫和增强CT模拟数据资料通过网络传输到CMS放射治疗计划系统工作站,在增强CT上做肿瘤靶区(gross tumor volume,GTV)勾画,再转移到平扫CT上完成放射治疗计划CT-TPS。

  1.3 PET/CT扫描和放疗计划(PET/CT-TPS) 每位患者再行FDG PET/CT扫描,由同一放疗医师和物理师依此作GTV勾画和转移到平扫CT上完成放射治疗计划PET/CT-TPS,并根据检查结果对肿瘤整体治疗模式进行调整。

  1.4 PET/CT-TPS和CT-TPS两个计划的比较评估 比较评估内容包括以下4项:放射野的增加或取消;PET/CT对CT-GTV边缘勾划的影响(改变≥2 mm为明显);GTV平均体积的比较(体积差≥15%为明显);治疗模式是否改变。两个放疗计划的GTV体积(cm3)测量由CMS放疗计划系统软件按GTV勾画轮廓自动显示。患者按PET/CT-TPS实施放疗,放疗后定期随访。

  1.5 统计学方法 结果用SPSS 11.5统计软件包行两组间t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  2 结果

  2.1 PET/CT对射野的影响 PET/CT检查后,2例患者增加下颈部放射野(CT影像下颈部阴性,PET/CT显示下颈部淋巴结阳性浓聚);1例鼻咽部恶性淋巴瘤CT影像显示鼻咽和上颌窦均有肿瘤侵犯,放射野含鼻咽和上颌窦;PET/CT仅显示鼻咽部阳性,上颌窦阴性,再做上颌窦活检阴性,改变放疗野(取消上颌窦放射野)。以上放疗设野改变共3例(13.6%,3/22)。该患者已随访18个月,未见上颌窦肿瘤复发。

  2.2 PET/CT对GTV边缘勾画的影响 3例患者PET/CT-GTV边缘超出CT-GTV≥2 mm,4例患者的CT-GTV边缘超出PET/CT-GTV≥2 mm;以上共7例患者(31.8%,7/22)按PET/CT重新勾画GTV边缘和修正TPS。这些患者随访已8~20个月,未见放射野外复发。

  2.3 两个放疗计划GTV平均体积的比较 PET/CT-GTV平均体积29.6 cm3(范围10.1~81.6 cm3),明显小于CT-GTV的41.3 cm3(范围11.8~128.7 cm3),组间有显著统计学差异(P<0.05)。以同一患者两个放疗计划GTV体积差≥15%属明显变化计算,PET/CT-GTV体积明显小于CT-GTV有6例(34.2%,6/22),PET/CT-GTV明显大于CT-GTV有3例(54.2%,3/22),共有9例患者(40.9%,9/22)两个放疗计划GTV体积差≥15%。

  2.4 对治疗模式的影响 通过PET/CT检查后,3例(13.6%,3/22)患者确定有横膈下转移,分期提高,为此更改治疗模式,制定了以化疗为主、放疗辅助的治疗方案。

  3 讨论

  恶性淋巴瘤是来自淋巴系统及网状内皮系统的非上皮性恶性肿瘤,可发生于任何年龄。非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)常发生在淋巴结内,首发于淋巴结外的恶性淋巴瘤较少[4]。头颈部淋巴组织丰富,是NHL易发区域[5~7],恶性程度高,根据免疫组化分为T细胞、B细胞和NK细胞淋巴瘤。B细胞淋巴瘤多位于咽喉部及副鼻窦,T/NK淋巴瘤最常见鼻腔。本文18例为弥漫性B细胞型NHL,均为<10 cm 结外型肿块,4例为鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤。头颈部NHL的治疗方法以放疗和化疗为主。单纯放疗仅适合于早期局限性病变,对于较晚期的患者和中、高度弥漫性恶性淋巴瘤宜放、化疗联合应用。联合化疗尤其是CHOP加局部放疗,NHL的复发率和转移率都下降,总的生存率得到改善。

  18FDG的PET/CT检查将PET功能代谢信息与CT解剖结构信息结合在一起,灵敏度高,对肿瘤的良恶性鉴别、定位和分期极具价值。如>1cm慢性炎症性淋巴结肿大,CT易视为转移,对<1 cm肿瘤侵犯的淋巴结,CT易忽略,结果造成了假阳性或假阴性。PET/CT增强了组织分辨的特异性,可避免这些误差,提高了精确性,对头颈部NHL更显示远处病变,为治疗决策提供了客观依据。与CT电子影像基础上的GTV勾画[8]相比,PET/CT生物影像基础上的GTV勾画进一步提高了准确性[9,10]。

  本研究表明,经PET/CT检查后,有高达40.9%(9/22)的患者GTV勾画体积发生≥15%的明显改变,PET/CT-GTV平均体积29.6 cm3,明显小于CT-GTV的41.3 cm3,二者差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.05);在9例GTV体积明显变化的患者中,有6例(34.2%,6/22)为PET/CT-GTV体积体积明显小于CT-GTV。这是因为CT影像通常无法分辨肿瘤已发生坏死或继发炎症的区域,CT-GTV勾画时会将之一并勾画在内,扩大了GTV的体积,PET/CT则可分辨出来,从而提高了GTV勾画的准确性。本文有3例的PET/CT-GTV体积明显大于GTV-CT,其原因可能为:恶性肿瘤已向外扩大至周围组织并显示代谢信息异常,但CT图像变化落后于代谢信息变化尚未显示。此两种情况的临床意义在于,前者可减少放疗靶体积,有利于保护正常组织和功能保存,后者可避免“漏照”,提高肿瘤放疗的局部控制率,减少肿瘤复发的可能性。此外,本文2例患者PET/CT检查后增加了下颈部放射野,同样避免了“漏照”,提高了肿瘤颈部控制率。1例鼻咽NHL患者PET/CT检查后取消了上颌窦的放射野,则避免“过度”放射,保护了正常组织功能。最后,对3例PET/CT检查后确定有膈下转移、分期上升的患者改变了治疗模式,其临床价值和意义也是显而易见的[11,12]。

  笔者认为NHL患者放疗前引入PET/CT检查后,明显改善了GTV边缘勾画的准确性,由于GTV容积的减少,对减轻肿瘤周围正常组织放射损伤、对NHL放疗计划和决定治疗模式具有很高的临床价值。当然,PET/CT最终是否提高NHL的疾病控制率和生存率,减少肿瘤复发率和并发症,尚需更多患者入组观察和随访。

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