PET/CT对头颈部非霍奇金淋巴瘤CT放疗计划的影响
发表时间:2012-06-21 浏览次数:772次
作者:王中和 作者单位:200011 上海,上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院放疗科
上海市科学技术委员会资助项目(编号08DZ2271100)
【摘要】目的 前瞻性评估PET/CT对头颈部非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者CT放疗计划(CT-TPS)和治疗模式的影响。方法 2007年10月至2008年12月,22例病理证实的头颈部NHL患者进入本研究。原发部位:鼻咽部8例、扁桃体4例、腮腺4例、甲状腺2例、鼻腔4例。对患者先做治疗体位CT模拟和CT-TPS,行18-F-FDG PET/CT检查后,由同一物理师再完成PET/CT-TPS。比较两个计划,评估PET/CT对CT-TPS包括靶区体积、放射野和治疗模式的影响。结果 PET/CT检查后,2例NHL患者增加下颈部放射野(原CT下颈部阴性,PET/CT显示下颈部有阳性浓聚),1例鼻咽NHL患者取消了上颌窦的放射野;3例患者PET/CT-GTV边缘超出CT-GTV≥2 mm,4例患者的CT-GTV边缘超出PET/CT-GTV≥2 mm;PET/CT-GTV平均体积29.6 cm3,明显小于CT-GTV的41.3 cm3,二者差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.05);9例患者(40.9%,9/22)两个放疗计划GTV体积差≥15%;3例(13.6%)患者PET/CT检查后发现横膈下转移,分期提高,改变了治疗模式。结论 PET/CT提高了CT-GTV的准确性,减少正常组织的放射,对头颈部NHL患者的放疗计划具有较高的临床价值。
【关键词】 头颈部;淋巴瘤,非霍奇金;放疗计划;正电子放射断层扫描融合;CT断层扫描
Influence of PET/CT on CT-based radiation treatment plan in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma of head and neck region WANG Zhong-he.Division of Radiation Oncology,Shanghai Ninth Peoples Hospital,School of Medicine,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200011,China
[Abstract] Objective The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the influence of PET/CT on CT-based radiation treatment plan and therapy modality in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma of head and neck region.Methods Twenty-two patients with primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma in head and neck region including nasopharyngeal (n=8),tonsil(n=4),parotid gland (n=4) thyroid (n=2) and nasal cavity(n=4)were enrolled on the study between October,2007 and December,2008.Non-contrast and contrast-enhanced CT scan on head and neck for every patient in the treatment position were obtained first.After that,an integrated FDG-PET/CT was obtained.Subsequently,a CT-based radiation treatment plan and a PET/CT-based radiation treatment plan were designed by same radiotherapist.The two treatment plans of every patient were compared to evaluate the influences of PET/CT on CT-based radiation treatment plan including the changes of radiation volume in gross tumor volume (GTV),radiation fields and overall therapy modality.Results Two patients radiation fields in neck were added in lower neck because PET/CT showed positive cervical lymph nodes (CT scan negative).And in CT-based radiation treatment plan of another patient with NHL at nasopharyngeal,both of primary site and maxillary sinus were designed into radiation fields.After PET/CT scan,the plan changed to radiate to primary site only because of PET/CT negative at maxillary sinus.The margins of PET/CT-GTV in 3 patients were surpass≥2 mm than of CT-GTV.And the margins of CT-GTV in 4 patients were surpass≥2 mm than of PET/CT-GTV.The mean volumes in PET/CT-GTV and CT-GTV were 29.6 cm3 and 41.3 cm3,respectively.The mean volumes of PET/CT-GTV were more less than of CT-GTV (P<0.05). ≥15% changes of radiation volume in PET/CT-GTV and CT-GTV for same patient were accounted for 9/22 (40.9%).Two patients changed overall radiation modality from definitive radiation therapy into palliative radiation therapy and chemotherapy because PET/CT showed metastases under diaphragm and up-staging.Conclusion PET/CT improved accuracy of the CT-GTV and spared the surrounding normal tissues.Additional PET/CT-based radiation treatment plan is valuable for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma of head and neck region.
[Key words] head and neck region;lymphoma,non-Hodgkin;radiation treatment plan;PET;CT
18F-脱氧葡萄糖正电子放射断层扫描融合CT(PET/CT)是一种先进的影像技术,在肿瘤显像上优于传统的CT、磁共振(MRI)和超声显像,已在恶性淋巴瘤的诊断、分期、预后评价上起重要作用[1,2],并已进入放射治疗计划领域[3]。为了评价PET/CT对头颈部非霍奇金淋巴瘤(Non-Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL)放射治疗计划的影响,对2007年10月至2008年12月我科收治的22例头颈部NHL放疗患者做CT模拟和PET/CT检查,并对同一患者两个计划进行比较评估。现将该前瞻性研究结果报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 本文22例头颈部NHL放疗患者中男17例,女5例,年龄24~55岁,中位年龄39岁。肿瘤原发部位:鼻咽部8例,扁桃体4例,腮腺4例,甲状腺2例,鼻腔4例。全部病例均经病理诊断为NHL,按免疫组化检查分型,18例为弥漫性B细胞型NHL,均为<10 cm的结外型肿块,4例为鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤为(局限IE和超腔IE各2例)。按Ann Arbor标准分期,22例患者中Ⅰ期14例,Ⅱ期8例。入组患者采用先化疗(CHOP方案为主,2~4周期)再放疗-再化疗的综合治疗模式。
1.2 CT模拟定位和放疗计划(CT-TPS) 患者在热塑型U形面罩固定的放疗体位下,先平扫后增强共2次做头颈部CT扫描,扫描层厚2.5 mm。患者的平扫和增强CT模拟数据资料通过网络传输到CMS放射治疗计划系统工作站,在增强CT上做肿瘤靶区(gross tumor volume,GTV)勾画,再转移到平扫CT上完成放射治疗计划CT-TPS。
1.3 PET/CT扫描和放疗计划(PET/CT-TPS) 每位患者再行FDG PET/CT扫描,由同一放疗医师和物理师依此作GTV勾画和转移到平扫CT上完成放射治疗计划PET/CT-TPS,并根据检查结果对肿瘤整体治疗模式进行调整。
1.4 PET/CT-TPS和CT-TPS两个计划的比较评估 比较评估内容包括以下4项:放射野的增加或取消;PET/CT对CT-GTV边缘勾划的影响(改变≥2 mm为明显);GTV平均体积的比较(体积差≥15%为明显);治疗模式是否改变。两个放疗计划的GTV体积(cm3)测量由CMS放疗计划系统软件按GTV勾画轮廓自动显示。患者按PET/CT-TPS实施放疗,放疗后定期随访。
1.5 统计学方法 结果用SPSS 11.5统计软件包行两组间t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 PET/CT对射野的影响 PET/CT检查后,2例患者增加下颈部放射野(CT影像下颈部阴性,PET/CT显示下颈部淋巴结阳性浓聚);1例鼻咽部恶性淋巴瘤CT影像显示鼻咽和上颌窦均有肿瘤侵犯,放射野含鼻咽和上颌窦;PET/CT仅显示鼻咽部阳性,上颌窦阴性,再做上颌窦活检阴性,改变放疗野(取消上颌窦放射野)。以上放疗设野改变共3例(13.6%,3/22)。该患者已随访18个月,未见上颌窦肿瘤复发。
2.2 PET/CT对GTV边缘勾画的影响 3例患者PET/CT-GTV边缘超出CT-GTV≥2 mm,4例患者的CT-GTV边缘超出PET/CT-GTV≥2 mm;以上共7例患者(31.8%,7/22)按PET/CT重新勾画GTV边缘和修正TPS。这些患者随访已8~20个月,未见放射野外复发。
2.3 两个放疗计划GTV平均体积的比较 PET/CT-GTV平均体积29.6 cm3(范围10.1~81.6 cm3),明显小于CT-GTV的41.3 cm3(范围11.8~128.7 cm3),组间有显著统计学差异(P<0.05)。以同一患者两个放疗计划GTV体积差≥15%属明显变化计算,PET/CT-GTV体积明显小于CT-GTV有6例(34.2%,6/22),PET/CT-GTV明显大于CT-GTV有3例(54.2%,3/22),共有9例患者(40.9%,9/22)两个放疗计划GTV体积差≥15%。
2.4 对治疗模式的影响 通过PET/CT检查后,3例(13.6%,3/22)患者确定有横膈下转移,分期提高,为此更改治疗模式,制定了以化疗为主、放疗辅助的治疗方案。
3 讨论
恶性淋巴瘤是来自淋巴系统及网状内皮系统的非上皮性恶性肿瘤,可发生于任何年龄。非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)常发生在淋巴结内,首发于淋巴结外的恶性淋巴瘤较少[4]。头颈部淋巴组织丰富,是NHL易发区域[5~7],恶性程度高,根据免疫组化分为T细胞、B细胞和NK细胞淋巴瘤。B细胞淋巴瘤多位于咽喉部及副鼻窦,T/NK淋巴瘤最常见鼻腔。本文18例为弥漫性B细胞型NHL,均为<10 cm 结外型肿块,4例为鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤。头颈部NHL的治疗方法以放疗和化疗为主。单纯放疗仅适合于早期局限性病变,对于较晚期的患者和中、高度弥漫性恶性淋巴瘤宜放、化疗联合应用。联合化疗尤其是CHOP加局部放疗,NHL的复发率和转移率都下降,总的生存率得到改善。
18FDG的PET/CT检查将PET功能代谢信息与CT解剖结构信息结合在一起,灵敏度高,对肿瘤的良恶性鉴别、定位和分期极具价值。如>1cm慢性炎症性淋巴结肿大,CT易视为转移,对<1 cm肿瘤侵犯的淋巴结,CT易忽略,结果造成了假阳性或假阴性。PET/CT增强了组织分辨的特异性,可避免这些误差,提高了精确性,对头颈部NHL更显示远处病变,为治疗决策提供了客观依据。与CT电子影像基础上的GTV勾画[8]相比,PET/CT生物影像基础上的GTV勾画进一步提高了准确性[9,10]。
本研究表明,经PET/CT检查后,有高达40.9%(9/22)的患者GTV勾画体积发生≥15%的明显改变,PET/CT-GTV平均体积29.6 cm3,明显小于CT-GTV的41.3 cm3,二者差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.05);在9例GTV体积明显变化的患者中,有6例(34.2%,6/22)为PET/CT-GTV体积体积明显小于CT-GTV。这是因为CT影像通常无法分辨肿瘤已发生坏死或继发炎症的区域,CT-GTV勾画时会将之一并勾画在内,扩大了GTV的体积,PET/CT则可分辨出来,从而提高了GTV勾画的准确性。本文有3例的PET/CT-GTV体积明显大于GTV-CT,其原因可能为:恶性肿瘤已向外扩大至周围组织并显示代谢信息异常,但CT图像变化落后于代谢信息变化尚未显示。此两种情况的临床意义在于,前者可减少放疗靶体积,有利于保护正常组织和功能保存,后者可避免“漏照”,提高肿瘤放疗的局部控制率,减少肿瘤复发的可能性。此外,本文2例患者PET/CT检查后增加了下颈部放射野,同样避免了“漏照”,提高了肿瘤颈部控制率。1例鼻咽NHL患者PET/CT检查后取消了上颌窦的放射野,则避免“过度”放射,保护了正常组织功能。最后,对3例PET/CT检查后确定有膈下转移、分期上升的患者改变了治疗模式,其临床价值和意义也是显而易见的[11,12]。
笔者认为NHL患者放疗前引入PET/CT检查后,明显改善了GTV边缘勾画的准确性,由于GTV容积的减少,对减轻肿瘤周围正常组织放射损伤、对NHL放疗计划和决定治疗模式具有很高的临床价值。当然,PET/CT最终是否提高NHL的疾病控制率和生存率,减少肿瘤复发率和并发症,尚需更多患者入组观察和随访。
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