不同化疗敏感性下咽鳞癌差异基因表达谱的筛选
发表时间:2010-03-30 浏览次数:465次
作者:邢海杰*,曾宗渊,郭朱明,杨安奎,李 浩 作者单位:1 广州,中山大学肿瘤防治中心头颈科 华南肿瘤学国家重点实验室(*现工作单位:武汉科技大学附属医院耳鼻喉—头颈外科) 【摘要】 目的 筛选化疗敏感性不同的下咽鳞癌差异基因表达谱,探讨基因表达谱预测下咽鳞癌化疗敏感性的可能性。方法 选取诱导化疗敏感和不敏感的下咽鳞癌各4例,分别提取mRNA,体外反转录为cDNA和cRNA,不同生物素标记和片断化后制成cRNA探针,与人类基因组芯片杂交,对杂交信号扫描并归一化处理,使用GCOS 4.0统计软件分析。以Signal Log Ratio≥1和change Pvalue≤0.05为标准筛选差异表达基因并根据生物学过程和功能分类。 结果 筛选差异表达基因119条,其中上调基因65条,下调基因54条。差异表达基因包括信号传导(STAT3),细胞周期(CCND1、TCF7L1),细胞凋亡(FADD),黏附分子(MUC4、cadherin 11、ICAM2)以及酶类等,化疗敏感组中EGFR、TGFβ和TNFR等细胞信号通路异常。结论 不同化疗敏感性的下咽鳞癌基因表达谱不同,根据基因表达谱的变化评估化疗敏感性是可能的。
【关键词】 下咽;鳞癌;化疗;敏感性;基因谱
Screening Gene Expression Profiling from Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Different Sensitive to Chemotherapy
XING Haijie*,ZENG Zongyuan,GUO Zhuming,YANG Ankui,LI Hao
State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China;Sun Yatsen University,Guangzhou 510060,China(*Present:Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery,Wuhan University Science and )
Corresponding Author:ZENG Zongyuan,Email:tjk@gzsums.edu.cnAbstract:Objective Screening gene expression profiling from hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of different chemotherapy sensitivity and explore the possibility to predict the chemotherapy sensitivity by gene expression profiling.Methods Total RNA was isolated from four samples from chemotherapy sensitive and resistant hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma respectively.Then synthesized into cDNA and cRNA in vitro in turns.The cRNA probe,after biotinlabelled and fragmented,hybridized with human gene microarray.The hybridization signal was scanned by the Gene Array scanner,analyzed by GCOS 4.0 statistic software after normalization.The Signal Log Ratio≥1 and change Pvalue≤0.05 were standard for identified significant difference genes.The gene was sorted out according to bioprocess and function.Results Different gene expression profiling consisting of 119 genes was screened out.Among them,65 genes was upregulated and 54 genes downregulated,aberrant expressing genes were relative to signal transduction(STAT3),cell cycle(CCND1,TCF7L1),apoptosis (FADD),cell adhesion(MUC4,cadherin 11,ICAM2),enzyme(AKAP7,CDKN2A,MMP2) and so on.Signaling pathway of endepidermis growth factor receptor,TNFβ and STATs was dysfunction in the sensitive.Conclusion Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of sensitive and resistant to chemotherapy had different gene expression profiling.It's possible to assess the sensitivity of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma before chemotherapy by gene expression profiling.
Key words:Hypopharyngeal; Squamous cell carcinoma; Chemotherapy; Sensitivity; Gene expression profiling
前瞻性研究表明有效的诱导化疗可提高下咽鳞癌患者器官保存率[13]。随着肿瘤功能保全治疗观念的普及,功能保留成为评价临床疗效的重要指标。在头颈肿瘤中,化放疗是重要的功能保存治疗方案,但至今缺乏准确实用的化疗敏感性预测方法。
近年来,使用基因表达谱技术预测肿瘤表型包括病理分化、淋巴结转移状态、生存、复发以及治疗反应等[49],显示出良好的应用前景,但用于评估下咽鳞癌化疗敏感性的临床应用研究未见报道。本研究目的是探讨化疗敏感性不同的下咽鳞癌基因表达谱的变化,筛选差异基因表达谱,探讨应用基因表达谱预测下咽鳞癌化疗敏感性的可能性。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 病例入组标准 (1) 病理活检证实为鳞状细胞癌;(2) T3T4期;(3) 基础检查:WBC≥4.0×109/L,RBC≥4.0×1012/L,Platelet≥100.0×109/L,肝、肾功能、电解质及ECG无异常,Xray、CT、MRI和内窥镜检查评估肿瘤分期;(4) 无第二原发癌和远处转移;(5) 同意入组和接受诱导化疗并签署知情同意书。
1.1.2 病例选择 选择2005年2月~10月在我院接受初治的下咽鳞癌12例,化疗敏感和不敏感者各6例,其中各4例用于筛选差异基因谱,见表1。表1 8例下咽鳞癌临床病理参数
1.1.3 主要仪器 基因芯片杂交专用培养箱,杂交洗脱机,扫描仪,紫外分光光度仪(Affymetrix公司)
1.1.4 主要试剂 基因芯片,总RNA提取试剂盒, cDNA合成试剂盒,cDNA酶标试剂盒,RNA合成试剂盒。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 标本获取 诱导化疗前在纤维内窥镜下钳取肿瘤组织标本,同一部位连续钳取,5份/例,迅速入液氮冻存,后移入-80℃冷藏备用。
1.2.2 临床治疗 采用DBF方案化疗:顺铂(DDP)30mg,静脉滴注,D1~5;5氟脲嘧啶(5Fu)0.5,静脉滴注,D1~5;博莱霉素(BLM)8mg,静脉推注,D1、D3、D5,每程5天,间隔3周,均化疗2~4程,期间检测血象,对症治疗。
1.2.3 疗效评价 根据实体瘤化疗疗效评价标准[10],入组病例分为化疗敏感组和化疗不敏感组,其中化疗敏感组包括完全缓解(Complete response CR)和部分缓解(Partial response PR)。
1.2.4 mRNA提取及探针合成 标本经常规切片镜检肿瘤组织超过70%,Trizol一步法分别提取两组组织总RNA,用T17olig(dT)24 引物 (5′GGCCAGTGAATTGTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGGCGG(dT)243′)反转录合成双链cDNA,使用Affymetrix公司的Enzo RNA Transcript Labeling Kit体外反转录合成生物素标记的cRNA探针,经片断化处理并与Test chip杂交以检测和证实cRNA探针后,再与Focus2.0人类基因组芯片(Affymetrix公司,包括2.4万条转录本)杂交。芯片的杂交、染色和洗脱均在Affymetrix公司专用洗脱工作站上按预定程序进行。
1.2.5 免疫组化检测 组织常规固定切片后按试剂说明进行,结果判定以连续5个视野镜下阳性表达细胞百分数平均超过25%为表达阳性。
1.3 统计学方法
杂交芯片扫描数据使用GCOS 4.0统计软件处理。在比较两张芯片数据前,对芯片数据进行归一化(Normalization or Scaling)处理。(Normalization方法:将芯片所有探针组的Signal从小到大排序,去掉最大的2%和最小的2%,将剩下探针组的平均信号值调整到500),以Signal Log Ratio≥1(在两张芯片相比较时代表了一个转录本变化的大小和方向,和change Pvalue≤0.05(代表两张不同的芯片之间一个探针表达水平相同或不同的可能性)作为筛选差异表达基因的标准。组间比较采用SPSS10.0统计软件包中的列联表卡方检验进行,取P<0.05为有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 芯片质量检测
敏感和不敏感组cRNA探针与Test chip芯片杂交扫描结果见图1、2,图上方的Gene Chip TEST字样和四角的点及中央的“+”均清晰可见,芯片扫描图内点线分布较均匀,表明cRNA探针质量较好。
化疗敏感组和不敏感组cRNA探针与人类Focus2.0型基因芯片杂交结果,见图3、4。检测表明两张芯片中的看家基因βactin 等的5′端和3′端均被检测到,比值明显低于3.0的标准,外加的阳性对照BioB、BioC、BioD等也被检测到,信号强度随着浓度由低到高呈现出由弱到强的变化,表明芯片检测质量较好,结果可靠。
2.2 芯片检测结果
化疗敏感组与化疗不敏感组相比,119条基因表达异常,表达上调基因65条,表达下调基因54条,Signal Log Ratio比值为1.0~7.5, 根据GO(Gene Oncology)分类,将差异表达基因按生物学过程和分子功能进行分类(表2为部分数据)。异常表达基因包括细胞信号传导(STAT3),细胞周期控制(CCND1、TCF7L1),细胞凋亡(FADD),细胞黏附(MUC4、cadherin 11、ICAM2)和酶类(MMP2、AKAP7、CDKN2A)等。
2.3 差异表达基因免疫组化检测表2 敏感组中表达上调(Signal Log Ratio>1)基因和下调(Signal Log Ratio<1)基因 随机选取CD1和STAT3作为验证基因,在12例(包括用于筛选差异基因8例)标本中,CD1和STAT3免疫组化检测阳性表达率为敏感组100%(6/6)和83.3% (5/6),见图5、7,不敏感组为16.7%(1/6)和无表达(0/6),见图4、图6。两组相比,CD1和STAT3阳性表达率均有统计学差异(χ2=5.486,P=0.019;χ2=5.486,P=0.019),显示基因芯片杂交结果可靠。
3 讨论
基因表达异常与肿瘤发生进展密切相关,并决定肿瘤生物学特性,即肿瘤表型。
与正常细胞相比,口腔鳞癌细胞有不同基因表达谱:MMP1、MMP10和MMP12,层粘连蛋白等基因表达上调,细胞凋亡相关基因表达下调,因而,口腔鳞癌具有侵袭性生长,早期出现淋巴结转移等特点[11]。早期下咽鳞癌中有119条基因表达异常。其中,细胞基质相关基因表达异常与下咽鳞癌侵袭性生长密切相关。同时,复发与控制的下咽鳞癌也有不同的基因表达谱,显示同一肿瘤预后不同,基因表达谱不同[12]。不同淋巴结转移状态[13,14]、生物学特性和病理类型的肿瘤中 也存在不同基因表达谱[1518]。
本研究化疗敏感组中,119条基因表达异常,包括信号转导(STAT3),细胞凋亡(FADD),细胞周期(CCND1、TCF7L1),细胞黏附(MUC4、cadherin 11、ICAM2)以及酶类(AKAP7、CDKN2A、MMP2)等,其中65条表达上调,54条表达下调,这些基因表达水平的变化与化疗敏感性存在关联,显示化疗敏感性不同的下咽鳞癌具有不同的基因表达谱。
在信号传导类基因中,信号转导和转录激活因子3(STAT3)是STATs/JAK信号途径关键因子之一。应用G四联体寡核苷酸干扰STAT3的SH2结合区可以抑制头颈肿瘤细胞的生长,是头颈肿瘤潜在的治疗靶点[19]。Hsiao等[20]报道鼻咽鳞癌中STAT3阳性率为70.5%,且与预后相关。在本研究化疗敏感组中,STAT3基因表达阳性率为83.3% (5/6),高于不敏感组(P<0.05),提示STAT3的阳性表达与下咽鳞癌化疗敏感有关,表达阳性率高者化疗的敏感性较高。
在头颈肿瘤中,53%的患者出现cyclin D1基因扩增,其中下咽鳞癌的发生率较高(P=0.0068) [21],cyclin D1基因扩增患者淋巴结转移早,预后差[2224]。同时CD1基因扩增者诱导化疗敏感率高(79% vs 31%,P=0.011) [21]。Akervall等[25]也有相同结论(P=0.02)。本研究表明,cyclin D1基因阳性表达率为58.3%(7/12),与上述结果一致。化疗敏感组阳性表达率100%(6/6) 高于不敏感组16.7%(1/6) (P<0.05),显示cyclin D1基因高表达与下咽鳞癌化疗敏感性密切相关,作为下咽鳞癌化疗敏感性评估指标之一值得深入研究。
粘蛋白4(MUC4)是存在于细胞膜表面的糖蛋白成分,在上呼吸消化道等肿瘤中均有表达。MUC4通过ErbB2和MAPK信号途径抑制细胞周期进展[26],诱导细胞增殖和抑制凋亡[27]。Weed等[28,29]认为MUC4和ErbB2基因表达存在相关性,但与下咽鳞癌关系的研究少见。本研究显示MUC4基因表达升高患者对化疗敏感,可以作为潜在评估指标之一。
在上调基因中,代谢酶类基因 (AKAP7、CDKN2A、MMP2等) 较多。其表达异常影响酶活性和细胞代谢,包括加速DDP代谢,降低细胞内药物浓度,导致疗效下降[30]。下咽鳞癌化疗敏感患者的酶类基因表达升高,影响化疗敏感性的机制尚不清楚,推测可能与其他基因的相互调节或未知的药物作用机制有关。
本研究表明基因表达谱与下咽鳞癌化疗敏感性密切相关,尽管多数上调基因与下咽鳞癌化疗敏感性的关系还不清晰,深入研究将有助于深化对化疗敏感性形成机制的认识,获得评估化疗敏感性的方法,确定个体化治疗方案。
Rogers等[31]认为EGFR(上皮生长因子受体)信号途径异常与头颈肿瘤的发生和预后密切相关。本研究中,MUC4、integrin、STAT3和MMP2等基因均参与EGFR信号转导。另外,TGFβ信号途径(TGFBR2、SMAD5等)和Wnt信号途径(Wnt5B、FZD7、PPP2R5C等)基因表达异常,显示EGFR等信号途径与下咽鳞癌化疗敏感性存在关联,这还需要深入研究。
本研究表明不同化疗敏感性的下咽鳞癌,基因表达谱不同,差异表达基因谱决定下咽鳞癌个体的化疗敏感性,依据基因表达谱评估化疗敏感性不仅可能而且可行。基因表达谱的变化将导致细胞内蛋白质谱的变化,深入研究有可能筛选出评估化疗敏感性的蛋白标志物,这也是本研究的努力方向之一。随着基因及蛋白质组学的迅速发展,肿瘤治疗反应的准确预测将指日可待。
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