多节段椎管内肿瘤的显微手术切除 (附12例分析)
发表时间:2012-08-29 浏览次数:835次
作者:梁玉敏,高国一,包映晖,潘耀华 作者单位:上海交通大学医学院仁济医院神经外科, 上海 200127
【摘要】目的总结多节段椎管内肿瘤的诊治经验。 方法 对12例多节段 (>4个节段) 椎管内肿瘤病人的临床特点、影像学表现、手术方式和疗效进行回顾性分析。病变位于颈段、颈胸段、胸段、腰骶段各3例;髓外硬脊膜下5例,软脊膜下2例,硬脊膜外2例,髓内3例。均行显微手术病灶切除。 结果 病灶全切除10例,次全切除2例。术后3个月,恢复良好5例,好转6例,无变化1例。 结论 椎管内多节段肿瘤起病时症状可较轻微,逐渐加重。早期显微手术尽可能切除肿瘤,有助于功能的恢复。
【关键词】 脊髓肿瘤 多节段椎管内肿瘤 显微外科手术
Microsurgery for multi-segmental intraspinal tumor: report of 12 cases
LIANG Yumin, GAO Guoyi, BAO Yinghui, et al.
Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
Abstract: Objective To summarize the experience in diagnosis and treatment of multi-segmental intraspinal tumor. Methods Clinical characteristics, imaging features, surgical methods and results of 12 patients with multi-segmental ( > 4 segments) intraspinal tumor were reviewed retrospectively. The lesions were located in cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic and lumbosacral levels in 3, 3, 3 and 3 cases respectively. And among them, 5, 2, 2 and 3 were subdural-extramedullary, subpial, extradural and intramedullary, respectively. Microsurgery was performed in all the cases. Results Total lesion resection was obtained in 10 patients and subtotal in 2. Good recovery, improvement and no change were seen in 5, 6 and 1 patients respectively 3-month after the operation. Conclusion The symptoms of multi-segmental intraspinal tumor may be mild but deteriorated gradually. Early and as complete resection as possible can contribute to functional recovery.
Key words: spinal tumor; multisegmental intrathecal tumor; microsurgery
多节段椎管内肿瘤相对少见,近年来我科收治12例,现将其诊治经验报告如下。
1 对象与方法
1.1 一般资料 本组男女各6例;年龄19~65岁,平均46.3岁;病程 1~14年,平均3.6年。
1.2 主要临床表现 首发症状:根痛4例,肢体无力8例;合并括约肌功能异常9例。术前肢体肌力:上肢4~5级3例,5级9例;下肢0级1例,3~4级9例,5级2例。小便失禁3例,大便秘结9例。
1.3 影像学检查 X-线检查10例,其中1例显示椎体后缘呈弧形缺损。CT检查8例,其中4例表现为低密度影,4例表现为等密度影。所有病例均行MRI检查,T1和T2加权均呈高信号4例,T1等信号、T2略高信号8例;增强扫描后,显著均一增强7例,不均一增强1例,无强化表现4例。病变位于颈段、颈胸段、胸段和腰骶段各3例。肿瘤位于硬脊膜外2例,髓内3例,髓外硬脊膜内7例 (其中1例完全位于腹侧)。
1.4 手术方法 本组均行后正中入路,椎板减压后在显微镜下分块切除肿瘤。肿瘤切除后行椎弓根内固定1例。本组均行硬脊膜修补缝合。
2 结 果 (图1,2)
病灶全切除10例,次全切除2例 (均为脂肪瘤病人)。病理报告:脂肪瘤4例,脊膜瘤2例 (其中1例伴钙化),室管膜瘤3例,神经鞘瘤2例,神经纤维瘤1例。出院后3个月随访情况:病情无变化1例,好转6例,恢复良好5例。8例随访2年以上,未见肿瘤复发。
3 讨 论
多节段椎管内肿瘤相对少见,文献相关的专题报告很少[1-4]。从本组结果来看,多节段椎管内肿瘤可以发生在任何节段内,但以胸、颈段多见,占75%。肿瘤在该节段的发展空间也相对较大。在组织类型上,本病以神经鞘瘤、脊膜瘤、脂肪瘤等良性肿瘤多见,其次为室管膜瘤,也有生殖细胞瘤的报告[5-10]。
本组结果显示:本病病程相对较长,一方面是因为肿瘤多为良性,生长缓慢;另一方面是因为,非神经科医师缺乏相应的意识,没有考虑到病变的存在,如本组1例早期病例,腰椎X-线片已经明显显示椎体后缘受压缺损,但仍未能早期诊断,而仅按腰腿痛治疗。
脊髓受压在初期为缓慢进展表现,多数有肢体麻木、无力;随着病情进展,逐渐出现排尿困难、大便秘结等括约肌受累症状;脊髓长久受压后,出现不可恢复的缺血性损害,导致病情迅速恶化。本组1例C7~T6脊膜瘤,外院确诊后3 d转来我院时,双下肢肌力从4级下降到0级。因此,对于出现神经根脊髓刺激或受压表现的病人时,应尽早给予相应的影像学检查,其中以MRI为首选。
对于椎管内肿瘤,目前学者多主张早期手术,以手术创伤最小为前提,最大限度地切除病灶,为脊髓功能的恢复创造条件。病人一旦出现肿瘤压迫脊髓表现,脊髓组织可能继发出现缺血性改变,即使手术,功能亦难以恢复[11,12]。对于硬脊膜外肿瘤,手术全切除并不困难;而对髓外硬脊膜下肿瘤,则应沿肿瘤和脊髓组织的界面进行分离和切除;软脊膜下脂肪瘤与脊髓组织的界面有时难以确定,应先确定界面上下两极后行瘤内分块切除。如果肿瘤与脊髓组织的界面分离困难,则应残留部分肿瘤组织,避免强行分离造成功能损害[2-5,10,12]。髓内室管膜瘤与脊髓组织通常有可分离的界面,沿背正中切开脊髓后,应分块切除肿瘤以减少过度牵拉损伤[7-10]。本组仅2例软脊膜下脂肪瘤行次全切除,其余10例均行分块全切除;术后除1例术前已截瘫的胸髓腹侧脊膜瘤病人下肢肌力无改变外,余11例均明显好转或恢复良好。本组术后均无脑脊液漏发生。
近年来,行脊柱和椎管内病变手术时,越来越重视对脊柱稳定性的考虑,有条件者应尽可能采用自体和 (或) 人工材料进行脊柱的重建或者内固定[13]。后路减压手术虽然近期对脊柱的稳定性不会有太大影响,但从远期来看,部分病人会出现脊柱前凸改变。对于多节段肿瘤病人,在尽可能切除病灶的前提下,有条件者应该争取行一期内固定。因为经济等因素,本组仅1例病灶切除后行内固定。
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