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《神经外科学》

显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的疗效观察 (附204例分析)

发表时间:2012-08-02  浏览次数:803次

  作者:李岩峰,李付勇  作者单位:辽宁省人民医院神经外二科, 辽宁 沈阳 110016

  【摘要】目的探讨显微血管减压术治疗特发性面肌痉挛 (HFS) 的疗效及不同血管压迫类型与疗效的关系。 方法  回顾性分析显微血管减压术治疗的204例HFS病人的临床资料。术前行MRI或CT检查以排除桥角区占位性病变。根据术中所见确定责任血管并减压,比较不同责任血管压迫的疗效。 结果  平均随访1.5年。手术总有效率92.6% (189例),复发率4.9% (10例)。主要并发症包括听力下降及消失30例,面瘫18例,伤口延迟愈合4例;无死亡与致残。责任血管为椎动脉的26例病人中,手术失败5例 (19.2%),术后复发4例 (15.4%);责任血管为非椎动脉者手术失败10例 (5.6%),术后复发6例 (3.4%),与前者比较,差异有统计学意义 (P <0.05)。 结论  显微血管减压术是目前治疗特发性面肌痉挛的首选方法,娴熟的显微外科技术及术中正确识别责任血管并充分减压,是确保显微血管减压术高效、安全的关键。责任血管为椎动脉者手术难度大,术后复发率高。

  【关键词】 显微血管减压术 面部单侧痉挛 椎动脉

  Clinical observation of microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm: report of 204 cases

  LI Yanfeng, MA Yi, LI Fuyong, et al

  The 2nd Department of Neurosurgery, Liaoning Province Hospital, Shenyang 110016, China

  Abstract: Objective To investigate the therapeutical effect of microvascular decompression (MVD) for hemifacial spasm (HFS) and the relationship between surgical efficacy and types of offending vessels. Methods Clinical data of 204 HFS patients undergoing MVD was retrospectively analyzed. Cranial MRI or CT scan were performed in all the patients before surgery to exclude the space-occupying lesion in the cerebellopontine angle. The offending vessels were determined during the operation. The therapeutical efficacies of different offending vessels were compared. Results The overall efficacy was 92.6% (189 cases) and recurrence rate 4.9% (10 cases) during follow-up period with mean duration of 1.5 years. The postoperative complication included transient reduction of hearing ability in 30 cases, facial palsy in 18, and delayed wound healing in 4. There was no death and disability in the group. The vertebral artery was the offending vessel in 26 cases, in which the surgical failure occurred in 5 cases (19.2%), and recurrence in 4 (15.4%). While in those patients whose vertebral artery was not the offending vessel, the surgical failure occurred in 10 cases (5.6%), and recurrence in 6 (3.4%); both of them were significantly lower than those of the vertebral artery patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion MVD is the first treatment choice of HFS. Skilled microsurgical techniques, correct identification of the offending vessel and sufficient decompression are very important for high performance and safety of the surgery. The operation is more difficult in the patients with the vertebral artery as the offending vessel, and their occurrence rate is higher than that of the non-vertebral artery patients.

  Key words: microvascular decompression; hemifacial spasm; vertebral artery

  2005年3月~2007年3月,我院采用显微血管减压术 (MVD) 治疗204例特发性面肌痉挛 (HFS) 病人,术后平均随访1.5年,现总结报告如下:

  1 对象与方法

  1.1 一般资料 男性88例,女性116例;年龄21~70岁,平均45岁。病程1.5~30年,平均12年。左侧98例,右侧106例。痉挛症状均典型,且均接受过多种治疗,如药物、针灸、理疗和封闭治疗等无效。术前均行头颅CT或MRI检查,未见明显异常。

  1.2 手术方法 病人全身麻醉,健侧卧位。取耳后发际内横切口,长4~6 cm,向两侧牵开皮肌瓣,骨膜下剥离后于枕乳缝交点处下方或乳突内缘处钻颅,咬开骨窗直径约3 cm,上方到横窦下缘,前方达乙状窦后缘。硬脑膜“⊥”字形切开,在骨窗上缘缝合悬吊。缓慢放出脑脊液,使小脑塌陷。在手术显微镜下探查桥小脑角 (CPA),显露面神经根出脑干处 (REZ)。用显微剪刀锐性分离蛛网膜,在面神经REZ仔细探查。游离压迫动脉,使其与面神经REZ分离,取适当大小的涤纶片,搓成球形,垫入脑干与血管之间;对个别病例,将涤纶片包绕面神经根1周。如未发现明确的责任血管,则锐性分离蛛网膜,行面神经松解术,严格止血后常规关颅。

  1.3 术中所见 术中发现面神经REZ有血管压迫200例 (98.0%),其中小脑后下动脉62例 (30.4%),小脑前下动脉46例 (22.5%),椎动脉及椎动脉合并其他血管26例 (12.7%),其他多根血管压迫58例 (28.4%),起源不清楚的动脉或静脉8例 (3.9%),未发现责任血管4例 (2.0%)。对4例未发现责任血管者,锐性分离蛛网膜,行面神经松解术。26例责任血管为椎动脉者,手术难度多较大,不易采用垫棉减压,锐性解剖蛛网膜后,使椎动脉有相对较大的垫离空间,局部不要使用过多垫棉,以免对面神经REZ构成新的压迫。部分病人椎动脉推离效果不理想,采用“架桥术”,将椎动脉从近、远两端垫高,使椎动脉尽量离开面神经REZ。

  2 结 果

  术后即刻,本组病侧面肌抽搐完全消失180例 (88.2%),其中47例 (23.0%) 于术后2~4 d复发,后又逐渐减轻直至停止;术后仍有抽搐24例,其中9例 (4.4%) 于3个月内消失,另15例 (7.4%) 抽搐始终未见减轻。术后随访3个月~2.5年,平均1.5年。总有效率92.6% (189例)。术后主要并发症:切口延迟愈合4例 (2.0%);同侧听力下降24例 (11.8%),听力丧失6例 (2.9%);同侧不全性面瘫18例 (8.8%); 眩晕21例 (10.3%),术后8~10 d有不同程度恢复,随访期间症状消失或减轻。本组无手术死亡。15例 (7.4%) 无效病人中,责任血管为椎动脉者5例。本组长期随访中,复发10例 (4.9%),症状均较术前为轻,其中责任血管为椎动脉者4例。椎动脉为责任血管者手术失败率为19.2%,复发率为15.4%;责任血管为非椎动脉者,手术失败率为5.6%,复发率为3.4%;两组经卡方检验, χ2值分别为4.33和4.68,均P <0.05,差异具有统计学意义。

  3 讨   论

  HFS系面神经REZ受到血管持续压迫所致。面神经纤维受压后,髓鞘变薄,神经轴突间发生动作电流短路。王海波等[1]认为:跨神经元退变致中枢失去对兴奋的整合功能,当电兴奋叠加到一定程度时便形成一种爆发式下传,引起HFS。当动脉血管弯曲延长,或受蛛网膜黏连牵拉而接近面神经REZ 5 mm以内,动脉搏动的冲击即可引起HFS。在患病初期,由于发生变性的纤维数少,蛛网膜黏连轻,抽搐局限于小的区域 (多为眼轮匝肌);随着变性加重,及蛛网膜黏连加重致血管更加靠近,抽搐的范围扩大且程度亦加重。鉴于此种情况,将压迫神经的血管、蛛网膜分隔开以解除对神经的压迫,消除短路现象,可达到缓解HFS的目的。

  1966年,Jannetta等[2]报道应用MVD治疗HFS,治愈率达85.1%。MVD创伤小,治愈率高,手术并发症发生率低,可完全保留血管、神经功能,成为HFS最有效的治疗方法[3,4]。Jannetta等[2]认为:在MVD术中出现高血压者,术后易出现脑内出血或梗死。术中使用手术显微镜,及耐心、细致、轻柔、熟练的手术技巧,是保证术后效果好、并发症少的基础。Kato等[5]总结日本23家医院采用MVD治疗的4 865例HFS的长期随访资料,结果表明:83.7%的病人症状消失,12.2%症状减轻,4.1%手术无效;并发症发生率为3.9%,其中听力障碍占2.5%,其余为面瘫、共济失调、脑膜炎等。说明尽管随着显微外科技术的发展,HFS治疗效果较早期有了明显提高,但仍不能达到完全治愈,强调术者经验和正确操作对手术结果有重要影响。由于脑神经的易损性,脑干及其周围解剖结构复杂且功能重要,在此部位过度牵拉可导致面瘫、耳聋甚至小脑和脑干水肿、出血等严重并发症,小脑水肿病人平衡功能受损,脑干水肿严重者会出现瘫痪、昏迷甚至死亡。术后血性脑脊液刺激面听神经也可导致相应的神经功能障碍。术中牵拉及术中、术后血性脑脊液刺激内听动脉而致其痉挛,也可导致耳蜗的血供减少,听力下降,严重者丧失听力。

  根据本组经验,我们体会:①MVD为治疗HFS的首选方法。②责任血管为椎动脉者以及血管发出分支供应脑干而难以垫离REZ者手术成功率相对较低,复发率相对较高。③手术以微侵袭为原则,术中探查神经时应尽量轻柔,以避免术后因供血动脉痉挛而导致相应的神经功能障碍。④术中使用手术显微镜,及耐心、细致、轻柔、熟练的手术技巧,是保证术后效果好、并发症少的基础。

  【参考文献】

  [1] 王海波, 樊忠, 骆兆平, 等. 半面痉挛面神经超微结构观察 [J]. 中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志, 1991, 26 (5): 262-264.

  [2] JANNETTA P J, ABBASY M, MARRON J C. Etiology and definitive microsurgical treatment of hemifacial spasm: operative techniques and results in 47 patients [J]. J Neurosurg, 1977, 47(3): 321-328.

  [3] MCLAUGHLIN M R, JANNETTA P J, CLYDE B L, et al. Microvascular decompression of cranial nerves: lessons learned after 4400 operations [J]. J Neurosurg, 1999, 90(1): 1-8.

  [4] CHUNG S S, CHANG J H, CHOI J Y, et al. Microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm: a long-term follow-up of 1169 consecutive cases [J]. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg, 2001, 77(1-4): 190-193.

  [5] KATO Y, KANNO T, MEHTA V, et al. MVD for trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm: an analysis of results and complications from 23 institutes in Japan [C]. 5th Meeting of The Society for Microvascular Decompression Surgery, Japan, 2002.

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