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《神经外科学》

脊髓脊膜膨出合并鳞状细胞癌1例

发表时间:2011-12-23  浏览次数:560次

  作者:段鸿洲  作者单位:北京大学第一医院

  【摘要】目的 报告1例脊髓脊膜膨出合并鳞状细胞癌病例,探讨其形成原因及治疗方法。 方法 男性,11岁,生后即发现腰骶部有一囊性肿物并逐渐增大,6岁时曾破溃1次,入院前2个月发现肿物再次破溃并有恶臭及脓性分泌物。MRI显示脊髓脊膜膨出、脊髓拴系综合征。全面检查后行清创及脊髓脊膜膨出切除术,术中病理示鳞状细胞癌,扩大切除周围皮缘并行椎管内探查,直至冷冻病理未见癌细胞,缺损创面用轴形皮瓣旋转覆盖,供瓣区取同侧大腿中厚皮片覆盖。 结果 手术完整切除肿物,伤口及转移皮瓣愈合良好。 结论 脊髓脊膜膨出破溃后慢性感染或长期刺激可以继发癌变,尽早行脊髓脊膜膨出切除有助于预防其癌变的发生。

  【关键词】 脊髓脊膜膨出 癌 鳞状细胞 神经外科手术

  Meningomyelocele complicated by squamous cell carcinoma: a case report

  DUAN Hongzhou, ZHANG Yang, ZHANG Jiayong, et al.

  Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China

  Abstract: Objective To report a case of meningomyelocele complicated by squamous cell carcinoma and discuss its pathogenic mechanism and therapy. Methods The patient was a 11-year-old boy. At the time of his birth he was noted to have a lumbosacral meningomyelocele, which gradually enlarged and ruptured once and the cerebral spinal fluid flew out at his 6 years old. The meningomyelocele ruptured again with outflow of foul purulent secretion 2 months before admission. MRI showed meningomyelocele associated with spinal dysraphism and tethered spinal cord syndrome. After thorough preparation, the rupture-relative wound was debrided and the meningomyelocele was resected. The pathological examination of intraoperative frozen section confirmed diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. Extended resection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and intraspinal exploration were performed until frozen section showed the excision edge was clear. Skin closure was achieved by a bi-pedicle advancement flap, and the secondary defect was closed with a thigh skin graft. Results The swelling was totally resected. The postoperative recovery was uneventful and the wounds healed by primary intention. Conclusion Chronic inflammation and long-term irritation can induce cancerization. Early resection of meningomyelocele may prevent the cancerization.

  Key words: meningomyelocele; carcinoma, squamous cell; neurosurgical procedures

  1 病历摘要

  男,11岁,因腰骶部肿物11年伴破溃2个月入院。出生后家人即发现其腰骶部有一囊性肿物,核桃大小,肿物逐渐增大,6岁时肿物表面破溃1次,流清亮脑脊液,未予处理,数月后破口自行闭合。其后肿物继续增大,入院前2个月肿物再次破溃且破溃面逐渐增大,肿物表面有脓性分泌物并伴恶臭,于外院换药未见好转,转入我科。病人出生后一直大小便失禁。体格检查:双下肢感觉、肌力正常,肛门括约肌明显松弛,腰骶部可见一直径约10 cm实性肿物,表面有较多溃疡、脓苔及坏死组织,部分组织变黑,有恶臭 。MRI显示S2椎板缺如,其后方软组织在T1加权相为低信号、T2加权相为混杂高信号肿物,脊髓拴系 。入院后对伤口进行换药,待肿物表面略显清洁后行膨出物切除、椎管探查、皮瓣转移及移植术。术中先以粗纱布覆盖肿物,并围绕肿物周围逐层切开至腰背筋膜,发现肿物蒂部窄小为实性,予以结扎;肿物送冷冻病理,诊断为鳞状细胞癌 (SCC),遂扩大切除周围皮缘及行椎管内探查切除肿物蒂部相连组织,直至冷冻病理未见癌细胞。由于创面缺损较大,以臀上第四腰动脉皮肤穿支为主要血供的轴形皮瓣旋转覆盖创面。供瓣区取同侧大腿中厚皮片覆盖。术后病人恢复良好,皮瓣全部存活 ,肢体活动同术前,大小便无明显变化。术后石蜡病理结果与术中冰冻病理相同 。随访1年,病人预后良好。

  2 讨 论

  脊髓脊膜膨出合并SCC极其少见,文献报道较少。1967年,Thorp[1]首先报告1例26岁男性病人,腰骶部脊髓脊膜膨出合并SCC,行肿瘤切除后6个月肿瘤复发,继以放疗,后肿瘤再次复发,行第2次手术切除肿瘤后3周,病人死于菌血症。随后陆续有个案报告[2-6]。文献报道脊髓脊膜膨出合并SCC的治疗方式不一,主要包括保守治疗、放疗、化疗及手术治疗,但总体治疗效果较差。与其他原因引起的SCC相比,脊髓脊膜膨出合并的SCC有以下几个特点:①发病年龄小。文献报道该病发病年龄为20~50岁,平均36.25岁,远远低于一般SCC的好发年龄 (50岁以上)。②较易发生其他器官的转移。文献报道脊髓脊膜膨出合并SCC分化均较好,但其中25%的病人出现远处器官的转移,Banerjee[4]报告1例女性病人20岁即出现腹膜后转移。而一般SCC转移发生率较低且仅限于分化较差、病理分期较高的病人。③预后较差。文献报道的脊髓脊膜膨出合并SCC病人中,62.5%的病人已经死亡,死亡原因主要为感染[2]、肾功能衰竭[3]、肿瘤复发及远处转移[4],且大多数病人死亡时间距诊断SCC的时间不足1年。其他原因引起的SCC经过正规治疗,其预后相对较好,5年存活率较高。④预后与病人的年龄无明确相关性,但与破溃时间长短及SCC侵犯的深度有关。Thorp[1]报告的病例,1岁时脊髓脊膜膨出部位即有破溃,入院手术时SCC已侵入椎管,病人死于肿瘤复发及合并症。而Pope等[2]报告1例37岁男性病人,脊髓脊膜膨出破溃时间不足5年,手术时发现SCC并未侵入椎管,该病人预后良好。

  本例发病年龄小,仅11岁,是目前报告的年龄最小的病人,但其破溃病史已达5年。由此可见,SCC与年龄关系不大,而与局部刺激的时间长短密切相关。因此,我们认为:对于脊髓脊膜膨出的病人,一经发现应早期手术治疗,这样不仅能预防神经系统进一步损伤,也能预防其破溃感染所带来的脑膜炎等灾难性后果,并避免其发生癌变。尽管脊髓脊膜膨出合并SCC较少见,但我们仍认为:对于破溃时间较长,有异常气味的脊髓脊膜膨出,应该考虑癌变的可能;术前肿物活检及全身各系统的检查对肿物性质的明确、病变的分期及治疗策略的制定等均有帮助。

  【参考文献】

  [1] THORP R H. Carcinoma associated with myelomeningocele. Case report [J]. J Nerurosurg, 1967, 27(5): 446-448.

  [2] POPE M, TODOROV A B. Cutaneous squamous cell carci- noma as a rare complication of cervical meningocele [J]. Birth Defects, 1975, 11(2): 336-337.

  [3] SAKSUN J M, FISHER B K. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a meningomyelocele [J]. Can Med Assoc J, 1978, 119(7): 739-741.

  [4] BANERJEE T. Nonhealing myelomeningecele in an adult [J]. South Med J, 1977, 70(3): 367-368.

  [5] VAN TINTELEN J F, BUCHAN A C, SHAW J F, et al. Carcinoma associated with myelomeningocele [J]. Dev Med Child Neurol, 1980, 22(4): 512-514.

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