痴呆的精神行为症状诊治进展
发表时间:2010-05-04 浏览次数:429次
作者:李澎 黄流清 赵忠新 黄树其 尹 又 陈 睿 作者单位:(第二军医大学附属长征医院神经内科,上海 200003)
【关键词】 痴呆;精神行为症状
痴呆的精神行为症状(BPSD)包括激越、激惹、脱抑制、幻觉妄想、焦虑、淡漠和欣快等,作为痴呆的非认知症状发生率可达90%以上,有高度异质性、易变性和危害性等特点,但其缺乏公认的治疗指南,食品药品管理局(FDA)也未批准用于BPSD的药物。本文就其目前临床研究进展做一综述。
1 BPSD的影响因素
1.1 认知功能对BPSD影响 认知功能反映痴呆严重度,与BPSD有关。Starr等〔1〕对556例痴呆病人NPI区域进行主成分分析发现,心境因子仅与病前智力(IQ)(用NART评估)和概述词汇语言流畅性相关。精神病因子与MMSE和霍普金斯语言学习测验分显著相关。社区和护理院的1 120例晚发AD横断面研究〔2〕表明,BPSD可分解为行为失控(欣快、脱抑制、异常运动行为、睡眠和食欲障碍)、精神病(幻觉、妄想)、心境(抑郁、焦虑、淡漠)、激越(攻击和激惹)4种,与认知的严重程度有关。行为障碍、激越和心境得分与起病年龄有关,行为障碍和心境得分与性别有关。评定时年龄、教育程度及APOEε4等位基因与各组无关。但Ito等〔3〕用评价40例AD认知功能,仅发现行为症状与认知功能有关。经维思通治疗1月行为症状、认知能力筛查试验(CASI)的注意和定向分值改善,提示与注意重叠的行为症状、与认知无关的精神病症状是BPSD的2个独立病理生理过程。Shinno等〔4〕对未经精神药物治疗的30例AD病人1H磁共振波谱(1HMRS)的研究表明,MMSE、画钟、故事回忆测试分值与后扣带回的N乙酰天冬氨酸/肌酸比值正相关,与肌醇/肌酸比值负相关(前扣带回无此现象),BEHAVEAD的妄想/活动障碍两类分值与前扣带回N乙酰天冬氨酸/肌酸比值负相关、与肌醇/肌酸比值正相关(后扣带回无此现象),认为BPSD和认知下降是分离的病理状态。
1.2 病前性格对BPSD的影响 Archer等〔5〕采用五因素人格问卷(NEOFFI)问卷回顾版评定280例AD病人发现,病前个性为神经过敏与焦虑、NPI总分有关,与抑郁无关。病前合作性格与激越和激惹负相关。逐步回归分析,病前乐观感低是惟一提示BPSD激越/淡漠的个性特征,也预示激越和激惹综合征。病前神经过敏症和BPSD关系不是直接的,也不预示情感综合征。
1.3 遗传因素对BPSD的影响 研究发现〔6〕5HTT LPR基因型分布和等位基因频率在有无BPSD病人间无明显差异,但5HTT VNTR等位基因10和BPSD或攻击之间显著相关,且独立于ApoEε4等位基因,提示5HTT基因遗传变异可能涉及症状学。Pritchard等〔7〕纵向研究367例AD病人5HTT多态性区域和变数串联重复序列提示SERT在发展为精神病和攻击激惹方面有轻微作用。5HT2A的T102C异构体C等位基因和CC基因型与幻觉、妄想、精神病和异常行为有关,5HT2C的cys23ser异构体C等位基因和CC基因型频率增加与焦虑有关,支持以前报道5HT2A T102C变异的C等位基因和CC基因型频率增加与焦虑幻觉妄想精神病及异常运动行为有关,但不支持抑郁和攻击有关,5HT2A和5HT2C在一些症状发生中的作用。还有报道〔8〕认为AD病人DAT1 3′非翻译区(UTR)变数串联重复序列(VNTR)多态性,9重复等位基因和激惹性、10重复等位基因和异常行为相关。幻觉妄想、抑郁激惹攻击或情感高涨无相关,DAT1 3′UTR VNTR激惹和异常行为的易感性上有一定作用。APOE基因外显子4单元型与幻觉焦虑有关,A491T与激惹、T427C与激越/攻击及食欲障碍、T219C与抑郁有关。MAOA基因启动子区串联重复序列可变数,转录活性低的MAOAu VNTR等位基因与抑郁、睡眠质量差有关。活性MAOAu VNTR等位基因少的个体抑郁和睡眠障碍危险增加〔9〕。Borroni等〔10〕研究发现,COMT和5HTT LPR遗传变异与激越、精神病内在表型有关,APOE基因型与任何行为内在表型无关。
2 BPSD的治疗
2.1 认知增强剂 ①NMDA调节剂。Maidment等〔11〕检索MEDLINE等对6项随机平行双盲研究经随机效果模式荟萃分析提示,其中5项研究868例患者接受美金刚治疗,与安慰剂(882例)比较减低NPI分值1.99分(P=0.041)。② 胆碱酯酶抑制剂(ChEIs)。卡巴拉丁有改善AD、VD、FTD、LBD等多种行为障碍的作用,效果一致的症状有淡漠/漠不关心、焦虑、妄想和幻觉〔12〕,单盲研究结果显示使用治疗能减少激越〔13〕。多项研究〔14,15〕支持ChEIs作为AD和DLB认知和精神行为的一线治疗药。
2.2 抗惊厥药 抗惊厥药卡马西平、丙戊酸、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪、托吡酯、奥卡西平均被认作心境稳定剂,能调节谷氨酸介导兴奋性、GABA抑制性突触传递。仅卡马西平有对照试验证据对BPSD有效〔16〕,但镇静、低钠血、心脏毒性等副作用明显,特别是老人,卡马西平作为酶诱导剂可能影响药物间的作用。丙戊酸对BPSD有效的证据来自开放研究和病例报道,对照试验未证实其疗效。其余药物〔17〕有些有神经保护作用,均缺乏对BPSD有效研究〔18〕,因此仍不常规用于BPSD治疗〔19〕。单用双丙戊酸钠或与不典型精神病药联用治疗躯体攻击激越症状有效,对非攻击行为和语言激越行为差,联合组日剂量低。常见副作用有嗜睡、步态障碍。
2.3 抗精神病药 经典抗精神病药广泛用于BPSD治疗,但副作用常见且严重,如心律不齐和锥体外系症状。非经典抗精神病药治疗BPSD有效,安全性优于经典药物,使用日渐增多,但增加脑血管病、吸入性肺炎、糖尿病和体重风险(随年龄增高而减轻)。二者增加全因死亡率和脑血管事件危险相似,建议仅用于非药物无效者〔20〕。非经典抗精神病药对发怒、攻击和妄想有效,但不改善认知、生活质量和护理需求。
2.3.1 奥氮平 奥氮平联合研究治疗组间有明显认知下降,不能除外认知的负性影响,特别在明显认知下降和精神行为症状的病人〔21〕。
2.3.2 利哌酮 利哌酮可以显著改善AD病理行为评定表(BEHAVEAD)精神亚量表和临床疗效总评量表(CGI)得分,对精神病症状和总临床有效〔22〕,但锥体外系和嗜睡副作用与安慰剂比较差异无显著性,脑血管事件和总死亡率高于安慰剂。利哌酮治疗AD病人终点平均剂量是1 mg/d,研究显示起始、4 w和终点NPI平均分显著下降,除食欲异常外,对激越攻击、睡眠障碍、妄想焦虑恐怖有效〔23〕。
2.3.3 喹硫平 35%专家认为喹硫平对所有BPSD最适合〔24〕,尤其对治疗严重攻击或激越效果满意〔25〕。缓慢药物滴定可部分预防喹硫平直立性低血压〔26〕。
2.3.4 齐拉西酮 不典型抗精神病药增加死亡风险,经典抗精神病药死亡风险在所有时间点更大〔27〕。
2.3.5 阿立哌唑 随机双盲对照研究提示阿立哌唑能改善激越、焦虑抑郁等心理行为症状,且没有明显的副作用〔28〕。
2.4 其他 抑郁首选SSRIs治疗,与病人脑5HT功能低下有关〔29〕。坦度螺酮是5HT1A部分激动剂,以19.6 mg/d治疗幻觉、激越、抑郁焦虑、激惹有效。曲唑酮对脱抑制等行为异常有效〔30〕。日本传统药材草药YiGan San〔31〕治疗可使NPINH分下降,妄想幻觉、激越攻击及焦虑激惹等症状显著改善,但总睡眠时间、效率和结构、主观睡眠改善,MMSE分值无变化。与舒必利合用治疗AD病人能减少舒必利剂量,平均NPI分显著改善,对照组无明显改善〔32〕,但两组MMSE、Barthel指数无明显变化。
研究表明,行为干预可减少照料者应激〔33〕。芳香疗法对BPSD有潜在作用〔34〕,对59例痴呆患者的16 w音乐治疗可使NPI总分显著下降,妄想、激越、焦虑、淡漠、激惹异常行为和夜间障碍等症状改善〔35〕。环境刺激控制对DLB有效〔36,37〕。
总之,BPSD具有高度的异质性和危害性,神经生物学机制不明。环境、精神支持、社会干预等多种措施可能有效,药物只用于症状严重者。BPSD排除药物引起的谵妄、疼痛和感染,给患者和家庭社会心理治疗。常常对环境、社会心理治疗有效,药物有抗精神病、惊觉、抑郁焦虑,胆碱酯酶抑制剂和NMDA调节剂多种,缺乏资料,只用于严重的患者。
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