直肠低位前切除术后吻合口瘘的相关因素分析
发表时间:2011-04-13 浏览次数:336次
作者:郑华 曹海生 作者单位:067300 河北省兴隆县人民医院
【摘要】 目的 探讨行预防性横结肠造瘘与否及性别对直肠低位前切除术(LAR)后吻合口瘘(AL)发生率的影响。方法 对行直肠LAR的202例中下段直肠癌手术患者的临床资料进行分析,研究行预防性横结肠造瘘与否和性别对直肠LAR后AL发生率的影响。结果 造瘘组AL的发生率与未造瘘组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);未行预防性横结肠造瘘的直肠LAR后女性AL的发生率(5.3%)与男性比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 行预防性横结肠造瘘并不能有效地降低直肠LAR后AL的发生率;在直肠LAR后AL的发生方面,性别并不是决定性的因素。
【关键词】 吻合口瘘;预防性横结肠造瘘;直肠低位前切除术;性别
Analysis for the related factors of anastomotic leakage in rectal low anterior resection ZHENG Hua,CAO Haisheng. Department of General Surgery, People’s Hospital of Xinglong County,Hebei,Xinglong 067300, China
【Abstract】 Objective To observe the effect of preventive transverse colostomy and gender on the occurrence of anastomotic leakage(AL) of rectal low anterior resection(LAR).Methods The clinical data of 202 cases of middle and lower rectal cancer were retrospectively analyzed in our department,in which rectal LAR had been conducted by using ChiSquare Tests to analyze the impact of preventive transverse colostomy and gender on the incidence of AL following rectal LAR.Results There was no significant difference in the incidence of AL between colostomy group and noncolostomy group (P>0.05);there was no significant difference in the incidence of AL without preventive transverse colostomy between females ansd males (P>0.05).Conclusion Preventive transverse colostomy can not effectively reduce the incidence of AL following rectal LAR,and gender is not the decisive factor in the occurrence of AL following rectal LAR.
【Key words】 anastomotic leakage; preventive transverse colostomy;rectal low anterior resection; gender
吻合口瘘(anastomotic leakage,AL)是中下段直肠癌行直肠低位前切除术(low anterior resection,LAR) 后最严重的并发症,AL的发生意味着肠道手术的失败。中下段直肠癌行直肠LAR后AL发生的危险因素,各家报道不一,目前仍无定论[1-3]。笔者认真收集了我院普通外科行直肠LAR的202例中下段直肠癌手术患者的资料,分析行预防性横结肠造瘘与否及性别因素对直肠LAR后AL发生率的影响,报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取1999年3月至2010年3月行直肠LAR的202例直肠中下段癌择期手术患者,其中男123例,女79例;年龄21~74岁,平均年龄54岁。患者术前均无严重基础疾病、吻合口以下肠管均无梗阻性病变,且AL诊断明确,所行预防性肠造瘘方式均为横结肠造瘘。将入选病例根据是否行预防性横结肠造瘘分为行预防性横结肠造瘘的直肠LAR组(造瘘组)和未行预防性横结肠造瘘的直肠LAR组(未造瘘组),未行预防性横结肠造瘘的直肠LAR组又根据性别的不同分为男性未行预防性横结肠造瘘的直肠LAR组和女性未行预防性横结肠造瘘的直肠LAR组。2组资料在性别比、年龄、体重、癌肿下缘距肛门的距离、Dukes分期等方面均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
1.2 手术方法 所有直肠LAR均由我科副高以上职称医师主刀以确保手术能按标准进行。术中均行肠管二层吻合。所有吻合操作均采用手工吻合和吻合器吻合相配合的吻合方式。手术均行全直肠系膜切除(Total mesorectal excision,TME)。术前均进行机械性肠道准备,抗生素联合使用:琥乙红霉素片(利君沙)4片,口服,3次/d,甲硝唑片0.2 g,3次/d,口服,共3 d。所有直肠吻合手术的患者术后常规放置腹(盆)腔引流管以便于术后观察。
1.3 术后观察指标 根据以下临床征象综合判断AL的发生:腹(盆)腔引流管有气体、脓液或粪便排出,出现腹膜炎、直肠阴道瘘、发烧征象或血白细胞升高,同时配合肛诊、腹部B型超声(B超)、立位X线平片和CT检查以进一步明确AL的诊断。
1.4 统计学分析 应用SPSS 13.0软件统计,计数资料采用χ2检验,对理论频数有小于5的资料,使用四格表资料χ2检验的校正公式,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2组AL发生率间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);女性未行预防性横结肠造瘘的直肠LAR组AL的发生率为5.3%,男性未行预防性横结肠造瘘的直肠LAR组AL的发生率为12.0%,两者间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
3 讨论
直肠癌行直肠LAR后AL总的发生率为2.8%~15.0%[4],尤其术前ASA对身体状况评分>3的高危患者,AL的发生可以使术前既存的疾病加重而使患者的病死率升高[5,6]。
但由于在直肠癌术后因癌肿复发致死方面,直肠LAR较Miles术式差异并不明显,而前者却能改善患者术后的生活质量,故而在条件允许的情况下,直肠LAR已经成为能被广大患者所普遍接受的一种流行术式[7]。
直肠LAR行预防性肠造瘘能否减少AL的发生,多年来存在争议[8-11]。争议的焦点在于是否所有的患者都应该行预防性肠造瘘。一种观点认为,未行预防性肠造瘘的直肠LAR患者AL发生后只要及时行二次造瘘手术(治疗性肠造瘘)并配合积极的保守治疗,AL多能自行闭合,患者术后死亡率与行预防性肠造瘘者并无明显差异[10-13];且由于造瘘本身存在着诸多的并发症加上日后需再次手术关瘘,故认为直肠LAR不必常规行预防性肠造瘘[14]。但也有学者认为,由于预防性肠造瘘能缓解AL发生后患者的临床症状,降低由于AL发生后患者再手术的几率,所以有可能发生AL的高危患者仍应在术中常规行预防性肠造瘘[10,15-17]。
本研究中,直肠LAR行预防性横结肠造瘘AL的发生率(3.8%)与未行预防性横结肠造瘘AL的发生率(9.4%)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),行预防性横结肠造瘘并不能有效地降低直肠LAR后AL的发生率。分析原因,直肠LAR行预防性横结肠造瘘虽然可通过改变粪便的排泄途径而减少吻合口处的粪便积聚,但它并不能消除可能引发AL的其他因素。由于直肠LAR后AL的发生是多种因素共同作用的结果,虽然行预防性横结肠造瘘AL的发生率(3.8%)比未行预防性横结肠造瘘AL的发生率(9.4%)有所下降,但两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),也就是说直肠中下段吻合口处的粪便滞留可以是AL发生的一个原因,但并不是关键性因素。行预防性横结肠造瘘并不能从根本上降低AL的发生率。
目前一般认为,预防性肠造瘘并不能减少AL发生的几率,但能缓解AL发生后的临床症状。包括手术时机的选择等众多影响直肠AL发生的因素只要充分考虑,预防性肠造瘘是可以避免的。预防性肠造瘘只应该应用于急诊肠道手术的患者和高危患者。在到底什么是发生AL的高危因素方面,包括TME、激素的应用、化疗、急诊手术、ASA评分、术中大出血等,并没有取得一致的认识[18-20]。另外直肠癌LAR采取回肠还是结肠造瘘那一个最好,目前仍存在争议[21-23]。虽然选择横结肠造瘘可能更有效地减轻AL出现后患者的症状[12]。
性别常被认为是直肠LAR后AL发生的一个影响因素[24-27],男性狭小的骨盆空间增加了手术操作的难度,造成了肠管吻合的困难,AL的发生率较女性高。但在本研究中,直肠LAR后男女AL的发生率虽然有所区别,但并无统计学差异,也就是说性别并不是影响直肠LAR后AL发生的关键因素。原因可能是随着结直肠外科技术的发展,手术操作的熟练在一定程度上消除了骨盆对手术操作的制约因素。
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