硬支气管镜置入条件评分在气管异物取出术中应用的可行性探讨
发表时间:2011-12-29 浏览次数:579次
作者:曾焱,李超,彭晓晗 作者单位:昆明市儿童医院麻醉科(曾 焱、李 超、彭晓晗)
【摘要】目的探讨小儿气管异物取出术中硬质支气管镜置入条件评分的可行性。方法 就诊于本院的气管异物患儿70例,美国麻醉医师协会体格情况分级(The American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System,ASA体格情况分级)Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄1~3岁,体重9~16 kg,随机分为两组(n=35):Ⅰ组(不评分组)和Ⅱ组(评分组)。麻醉诱导:分别静脉注射异丙酚2 mg/kg,芬太尼2 μg/kg,并静脉输注异丙酚10~12 mg·kg-1·h-1 。Ⅰ组诱导后9 min,Ⅱ组评分达到5分时置镜,两组术中出现体动或呛咳时均追加异丙酚1~2 mg/kg。记录置镜即刻(T0),置镜后5 min(T1)、10 min(T2),退镜即刻(T4)的HR、MAP和SpO2;记录诱导时间,手术时间,苏醒时间和异丙酚的用量;以及术中和苏醒期不良反应的发生情况。结果 术中两组间各时点HR、MAP和SpO2比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与基础值比较,T1和T2的HR增加,MAP升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组手术时间、苏醒时间的比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组诱导时间延长,异丙酚用量增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);诱导期和苏醒期两组不良反应的比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组术中去氧饱和(SpO2<90%超过5s定义为发生1次去氧饱和)、呛咳和体动的发生均减少,差异有统计学意义。结论 硬支气管镜置入条件评分可在小儿气管异物取出术中应用。
【关键词】 气管;异物;儿童;麻醉
Discussion on the Feasibility of the Application of the Evaluation Score of Open-tube Bronchoscope
in the Removal of Tracheobronchial Foreign Bodies
Zeng Yan Li Chao, Peng Xiaohan, Department of Anesthesiology, Kunming Children Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650034, P. R. China
Abstract Objective To discuss the feasibility of the application of the evaluation score of open-tube bronchoscope in the removal of tracheobronchial foreign bodies.Methods 70 cases, grade I or grade II according to ASA, aged from 1 year to 3 years old with weight of 9kg to 16kg, were randomly divided into 2 groups: Group I (non-score) and Group II (score), 35 in each; anesthesia induction was made by intravenous injection of propofol 2mg/kg, fentanyl and intravenous infusion of propofol 10~12mg·kg-1·h-1; the scope implantation was performed just after anesthesia induction in Group I and that in Group II was made when the score reached 5, and propofol 1~2mg/kg was added when the patients in both groups moved their bodies or coughed; HR, MAP and SpO2 was recorded at the timepoint of implantation, 5 minutes (T1), 10 minutes (T2)after the implantation and at the timepoint of the scope withdraw; the time of induction, operation and analepsia were recorded as well as the dosage of propofol; the side effect in operation and analepsia was observed.Results The comparison of HR, MAP and SpO2 between the 2 groups was of no statistical difference (P>0.05); comparing with the basic data, HR at T1 and T2 increased and MAP rose up, the difference was of statistical difference (P>0.05); the comparison of operation time and analepia between the 2 groups had no statistical difference (P>0.05); the time for induction in Group II was longer than that in Group I, and the dosage of propofol inGroup II was bigger than that in Group I, the difference was of statistical significance (P>0.05); there existed no differenceof side effect in induction and analepsia between the 2 groups (P>0.05); the occurrence of desaturator (SpO2<90% for over 5 seconds meant desaturator once), body move and cough in Group II was lower than that in Group I, the difference was of statistical significance.Conclusions The evaluation score of open-tube rigid bronchoscope can be applied in the removal of tracheobronchial foreign bodies.
KEYWORDS trachea foreign bodies children anesthesia
小儿气管异物取出术中,硬支气管镜可产生强烈的粘膜刺激,要求麻醉维持必要的深度,以避免出现喉痉挛等并发症。然而,硬支气管镜何时置入为宜目前临床上无统一的标准。Batra YK等[1]在小儿气管异物取出术中,采用了一种简单易行的硬支气管镜置入评分方法,为了解该方法的实用性,本研究拟在小儿气管异物取出术进行探讨。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料 本研究已经本院伦理委员会批准,并与患儿家长签署知情同意书。选择2008年5月~2009年5月我院因气管异物入院,拟行气管异物取出术的患儿70例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄1~3岁,体重9~16 kg,有明确的异物吸入史,异物吸入时间≤7 d,X片检查提示有支气管阻塞征象。术前患儿无颜面、口唇青紫,无明显三凹征,无哮喘或喘鸣,X片检查提示无肺炎、肺不张。随机分为两组(n=35):Ⅰ组(不评分组)和Ⅱ组(评分组)。
1.2 方法 入室后开放静脉输液通道,输注醋酸钠林格氏液 10~20 ml/kg。麻醉前静脉注射咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg和阿托品0.01 mg/kg。面罩吸氧,氧浓度100%,氧流量3~5 L/min;常规监测心电图、心率(HR) 、平均动脉压(MAP)和脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2),记录基础值。麻醉诱导:分别静脉注射异丙酚(批号:5852556,费森尤斯卡比公司,北京)2 mg/kg,芬太尼(批号:585454,宜昌人福药业)2 μg/kg,后静脉输注异丙酚10~12 mg·kg-1·h-1 。诱导后6min,用喉镜暴露声门,2%利多卡因2 mg/kg行会厌、声门及气管内表面麻醉,两组患儿均保留自主呼吸。Ⅰ组表面麻醉3min后置入硬支气管镜,术中出现体动或呛咳时追加异丙酚1~2 mg/kg;Ⅱ组参照Batra YK等〔1〕介绍的硬支气管镜置入五项标准(见表1)进行评分:当患儿评分达到5分,即患儿无咳嗽、无肢体活动、下颌完全松弛,喉镜容易置入和声门处于开放状态时置入硬支气管镜;达不到5分者,追加异丙酚1~2 mg/kg,术中出现体动或呛咳时追加异丙酚1~2 mg/kg。将麻醉机螺纹管与支气管镜侧孔相连供氧,氧浓度100%,氧流量3~5 L/min,患儿出现呼吸减慢及呼吸动度减弱时行手控辅助呼吸。异物取出后退镜即刻停止泵注异丙酚,嘱术者退镜前尽可能吸出气管及支气管分泌物,退镜后立即给予面罩吸氧,氧浓度100%,氧流量3~5 L/min,同时充分吸痰,苏醒期不再刺激患儿。记录置入硬支气管镜即刻(T0)、置入硬支气管镜后5 min(T1)、置入硬支气管镜后10 min(T2)、退出硬支气管镜即刻(T3)HR、MAP和SpO2的改变;记录诱导时间,手术时间,苏醒时间和异丙酚的用量;以及术中和苏醒期不良反应的发生情况。
1.3 统计学处理 采用SPSS11.0统计学软件进行分析,计量资料以±s表示,组间组内比较均采用t检验;计数资料采用χ2检验, P<0.05差异有统计学意义。金属支气管镜置入评分标准
2 结 果
2.1 术前患儿年龄、体重、性别构成情况、异物类型及异物吸入时间的比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组患儿一般情况比较
2.2 术中两组间各时点HR、MAP和SpO2比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与基础值比较,进镜后5 min、10 minHR增加,MAP升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05), 两组患儿术中生命体征比较
2.3 两组患儿手术时间、苏醒时间的比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组诱导时间延长,异丙酚用量增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患儿诱导时间,麻醉持续时间,苏醒时间比较
2.4 诱导期和苏醒期两组不良反应的比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组术中去氧饱和、呛咳和体动的发生均减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患儿诱导期、术中和苏醒期不良反应比较
3 讨 论
气管异物多发生于1~3岁[2-5],患儿术前情况可以相差很大,从轻微的咳嗽到合并严重的气道梗阻,肺炎、肺不张等症,甚至出现呼吸心跳骤停。本研究只选择术前生命体征平稳,无合并症且诊断明确的患儿,这样,减小了试验对象的个体差异。由于所选患者气道水肿和炎症较轻,手术时间均未超过20min,而且不良反应也较轻,没有出现喉痉挛。另外,相同的呼吸模式和麻醉药,也降低了干扰因素的影响。
异丙酚复合芬太尼静脉麻醉是国内最常用于小儿硬支气管镜气管异物取出术的方法[6],因为芬太尼可减少气管镜带来的心血管反应,异丙酚苏醒迅速完全,持续输注后无蓄积。Litman RS等[7]研究表明,氟烷麻醉时,抑制气道反射的浓度同时也会抑制心肌的收缩,年龄越小越明显;所以,他们也认为全凭静脉麻醉是一种理想的麻醉方法。
Batra YK等[1]介绍的硬支气管镜置入条件评分,来源于Stevn MP 等[6]1994年发表的“儿童无肌松剂气管插管”一文。本研究结果表明,评分组去氧饱和、呛咳和肢体活动的发生均减少,提示麻醉深度适宜;虽然诱导时间延长,异丙酚的用量增加,但苏醒时间和呼吸暂停并没有增加,提示异丙酚没有引起苏醒延迟和呼吸抑制。术中两组患儿置入硬支气管镜后5min和10 min,心率增加,血压升高,与手术刺激程度一致,因为在气道内操作硬支气管镜时,需要颈椎尽量向后伸展,气道粘膜受刺激,并压迫周围软组织[8],通过交感-肾上腺髓质释放儿茶酚胺引起心率增加,血压升高[9]。
尽管麻醉和腔镜技术不断更新改进,小儿气管异物还是有很高的病死率[3]。气道的控制和管理对麻醉医师来说依然是一个挑战。通过评分,可以帮助麻醉医师综合评估麻醉深度,避免浅麻醉,避免支气管痉挛和喉痉挛的发生,使患儿平稳度过围手术期。本研究中,试验对象都是轻型患儿,至于危重的患儿是否适用,还有待进一步研究。
综上所述,硬支气管镜置入条件评分可在小儿气管异物取出术中应用。
【参考文献】
[1] Batra YK,Mahajan R,Bangalia SK,et al.A comparison of halothane and sevoflurane for bronchoscopic removal of foreign bodies in children[J].Ann Card Anaesth.2004 ,7:137-143.
[2] Yadav SP,Singh J,Aggarwal N,et al.Airway foreign bodies in children: experience of 132 cases[J].Singapore Med J,2007 ,48:850-853.
[3] Nael Al-Sarraf*,Hassan Jamal-Eddine,Fatma Khaja,et al.Headscarf pin tracheobronchial aspiration: a distinct clinical entity[J].Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg ,2009,9:187-190.
[4] Baharloo F,Veyckemans F,Francis C,et al.Tracheobronchial foreign bodies: presentation and management in children and adults[J].Chest,1999 ,115:1357-1362.
[5] Gulati SP,Kumar A,Sachdeva A,et al.Groundnut as the commonest foreign body of tracheobronchial tree in winter in Northern India.An analysis of fourteen cases[J].Indian J Med Sci,2003,57:244-248.
[6] Steyn MP,Quinn AM,Gillespie JA,et al.Tracheal intubation without neuromuscular block in children[J].Br J Anaesth,1994,72:403-406.
[7] Litman RS,Ponnuri J,Trogan I.Anesthesia for tracheal or bronchial foreign body removal in children: an analysis of ninety-four cases[J].Anesth Analg,2000,91:1389-1391.
[8] 庄心良,曾因明,陈伯銮.现代麻醉学[M].第3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2003:1370-1373.
[9] 徐加刚,张月明,王邵明,等.舒芬太尼和芬太尼对患者气管插管心血管反应抑制效应的比较[J].中华麻醉学杂志,2007,27(8):765-766.