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七氟醚对脂多糖诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤的保护效应

发表时间:2010-07-06  浏览次数:365次

  作者:杨芬, 方志源 作者单位:徐州医学院江苏省麻醉学重点实验室, 江苏 徐州 221002

  【摘要】目的: 评估七氟醚后处理对脂多糖(LPS)致急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠肺的影响。方法: 随机将30只大鼠分为5组(n=6):生理盐水组、脂多糖组:气管内滴注生理盐水1 ml/kg或脂多糖 5 mg/kg;七氟醚30 min组、七氟醚1 h组、七氟醚2 h组:气管内滴注脂多糖后4 h,分别吸入2.4%七氟醚0.5,1,2 h。各组于滴注生理盐水或脂多糖后6 h放血处死。检测各组肺组织病理切片和肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中TNFα,IL1β和IL10的浓度。结果: 与生理盐水组比较,脂多糖组病理切片示肺泡正常结构破坏严重,灌洗液中TNFα,IL1β和IL10浓度显著升高(P<0.01)。与脂多糖组比较,七氟醚组病理切片示肺泡结构破坏较轻,灌洗液中TNFα,IL1β和IL10浓度降低(P<0.05);且1,2 h组七氟醚改善病理形态和抑制TNFα,IL1β的效果更佳。结论: 七氟醚后处理能减轻脂多糖致急性肺损伤大鼠肺部炎症反应,且吸入时间长有更佳的效果。

  【关键词】 七氟醚; 脂多糖; 急性肺损伤; 炎症反应

  Effects of sevoflurane postconditioning on lungs of rats with lipopolysaccharideinduced acute lung injury

  YANG Fen, FANG Zhiyuan

  (Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221002, China)

  [Abstract]Objective: To investigate the effect of sevoflurane postconditioning on lungs of rats with LPSinduced acute lung injury. Methods: Thirty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups(n=6): NS group, LPS group,NS(1 ml/kg) or LPS(5 mg/kg) was instilled in rats′ airway. Sevoflurane groups(S 0.5 h group,S 1 h group, S 2 h group): Four hours after LPS instillation, rats received sevoflurane inhalation(2.4%) respectively for thirty minutes, one hour or two hours. Six hours after NS or LPS instillation,all groups were exsanguinated. Histopathological examinations were performed for the lung specimens and concentration of TNFα, IL1β and IL10 in BALF were measured. Results: Compared with the NS group, after LPS instillation, the alveolar structure was severely altered. Concentration of TNFα, IL1β and IL10 in BALF were significantly increased(P<0.01). Compared with the LPS group,in sevoflurane groups, the alveolar structure was improved. Concentration of TNFα, IL1β and IL10 were reduced(P<0.05). It was more effective to improve pathohistology and reduce TNFα, IL1β levels in S 1 h group and S 2 h group than S30min group. Conclusion: Sevoflurane postconditioning could attenuate lung inflammation in rats with lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury, it was more effective during longer inhalation time.

  [Key words]sevoflurane;lipopolysaccharide; acute lung injury; lung inflammation

  吸入麻醉药物的抗炎效应在体外实验和一些器官系统(如心、脑、肾)中已经得到了证实[1-3]。然而吸入麻醉药对肺损伤的保护作用,仍有待于系统的研究。本实验予大鼠气管内滴注脂多糖复制急性肺损伤模型,观察七氟醚后处理对大鼠肺泡灌洗液内TNFα,IL1β和IL10的浓度及肺组织病理学的影响,为伴有急性肺损伤的高危患者选用七氟醚麻醉提供动物实验基础。

  1 材料与方法

  1.1 实验动物及分组

  健康清洁级雄性SD大鼠30只,体质量220~250 g。随机分为5组,每组6只。生理盐水组:气管内注入生理盐水 1 ml/kg;脂多糖组:气管内注入脂多糖 5 mg/kg;七氟醚后处理组:气管内注入脂多糖5 mg/kg,下分3个亚组(七氟醚0.5 h组,七氟醚1 h组,七氟醚2 h组),分别在给予脂多糖后4 h吸入2.4%七氟醚0.5,1,2 h。

  1.2 动物模型及七氟醚后处理

  各组大鼠腹腔注射戊巴比妥40 mg/kg麻醉,颈部正中切口,显露并穿刺气管,滴注生理盐水1 ml/kg或脂多糖 5 mg/kg(0111:B4,Sigma)[4],4 h后将七氟醚组大鼠放入自制密封箱,规格60 cm×25 cm×20 cm,两端各有一进气孔和出气孔,底部铺薄层钠石灰,进气端接麻醉机(Ohmeda,芬兰),设定载气氧浓度为40%,出气端接Datex麻醉气体监测仪(ULT2I,Ohmeda,芬兰),调整挥发罐和新鲜气流至出气端七氟醚(Abbott,日本)浓度为2.4%,大鼠自主呼吸下,分别吸入七氟醚0.5,1,2 h。

  1.3 样本制备

  滴注脂多糖或生理盐水后6 h,放血处死大鼠。开胸结扎右支气管,取大鼠右肺下叶,10%中性甲醛固定后,石蜡包埋,切片HE染色。然后用4℃生理盐水灌洗左肺,收集肺泡灌洗液,经3 000 r/min离心10 min后取上清液-80℃保存。ELISA法检测肺泡灌洗液中TNFα,IL1β和IL10的浓度。

  1.4 统计学处理

  所有数据以均数±标准差表示。组间比较采用单因素方差分析,多组两两比较采用q检验;应用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  2 结果

  与生理盐水组比较,脂多糖组病理切片示肺组织正常结构破坏严重;灌洗液中TNFα,IL1β和IL10浓度明显增加(P<0.01)。与脂多糖组比较,七氟醚组病理切片示肺组织结构破坏相应减轻;TNFα,IL1β和IL10浓度明显降低(P<0.05);TNFα浓度以2 h组降低最明显、1 h组次之(P<0.05);IL1β浓度以1 h组和2 h组较0.5 h组降低明显(P<0.05);0.5,1和2 h组的IL10浓度差异无统计学意义(图1, 表1)。表1 各组肺泡灌洗液中TNFα,IL1β,IL10含量±s, pg/ml(略)

  3 讨论

  本实验予大鼠气道内滴注脂多糖, 制作原发性肺损伤模型。病理学检查发现:肺组织充血明显,大量炎性细胞浸润、肺泡壁严重水肿、肺泡完整性破坏,肺泡腔内可见出血和渗出,肺呈现急性弥漫性炎症表现,病理形态证实急性肺损伤炎症模型建立成功。经七氟醚处理后,肺泡组织结构破坏相应减轻,1 h组和2 h组明显优于0.5 h组,而1 h组和2 h组之间差异无统计学意义。

  TNFα是导致炎症反应和急性肺损伤发病过程中最早释放的细胞因子,主要由单核/巨噬细胞产生,为炎症中重要的启动因子。与TNFα相似,ILl β在成人呼吸窘迫综合征发病机制中亦具有重要作用。ILl β可由多种细胞合成和分泌,单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等在摄取抗原抗体复合物后或在抗原递呈过程中可产生ILl β。本实验大鼠气道内滴入脂多糖后,肺泡灌洗液中TNFα,IL1β浓度显著升高。脂多糖刺激后的30~90 min内,TNFα和IL1β开始释放,然后依次激活低浓度的炎性级联反应细胞因子、脂性递质及活性氧簇;还能上调细胞黏附分子,最后促使炎性细胞浸润到组织内[5]。

  本实验中,急性肺损伤大鼠经七氟醚处理后,肺泡灌洗液中TNFα和IL1β浓度升高被抑制,表明七氟醚通过降低TNFα和IL1β浓度来减轻肺炎性反应。但七氟醚后处理组灌洗液中TNFα和IL1β浓度与生理盐水组比较还是升高的,可见七氟醚后处理并不能完全消除炎症,只能起到部分的保护作用。这些结果提示七氟醚的抗炎效应可能的机制之一是下调并不是完全抑制炎症细胞(如肺泡巨噬细胞和多形核白细胞)的细胞因子的生成。且七氟醚后处理2 h组对TNFα的抑制作用最明显,1 h组其次;而七氟醚后处理1 h组和2 h组对IL1β的抑制作用明显强于0.5 组,1 h组与2 h组之间差异无统计学意义。TNFα和IL1β可加剧脏器血管床的损伤,阻断这两种细胞因子的释放能减轻脏器缺血再灌注损伤[6]。

  IL10是一种抗炎性细胞因子,主要作用是抑制促炎性细胞因子的释放[7]。人体静脉注射IL10后,明显抑制体外脂多糖刺激引起的TNFα和IL1β含量的上升[8]。本实验大鼠气管内滴注脂多糖后,肺泡灌洗液中IL10浓度明显升高。而经七氟醚处理后,IL10浓度较脂多糖组明显降低,仍高于生理盐水组,提示抗炎性细胞因子IL10的浓度变化,可能是机体对炎症反应的免疫调节使抗炎性细胞因子与促炎性细胞因子保持平衡。

  关于七氟醚肺保护的精确机制目前还不清楚,本实验选定的三个时间段中,七氟醚后处理对脂多糖诱发大鼠ALI有保护效应,且吸入时间长的有更佳的效果。这为临床上七氟醚在相应病例的应用提供了参考依据。

  【参考文献】

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  [3]Lee HT, Kim M, Jan M, et al. Antiinflammatory and antinecrotic effects of the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane in kidney proximal tubule cells[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2006, 291(1): 67-78.

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  [7]Quinn TJ,Taylor S,WohlfordLenane CL,et al. IL10 reduces grain dustinduced airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity[J]. J Appl Physiol,2000,88(1): 173-179.

  [8]Chernoff AE, Granowitz EV, Shapiro L, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of IL10 in humans. Inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production and immune responses[J]. J Immunol,1995,154(10): 5492-5499.

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