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二尖瓣狭窄伴轻度反流患者经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术及远期疗效观察

发表时间:2010-10-09  浏览次数:418次

  作者:王崇全,党书毅,周荣华,彭贵海,王 斌 作者单位:郧阳医学院附属太和医院心内科,湖北 十堰 442000

  【摘要】 目的:探讨伴轻度反流(MR) 的二尖瓣狭窄(MS)患者经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术(PBMV)术后及长期疗效。方法:采用改良Inoue方法,自1993年5月~2001年12月对MS合并轻度MR的41例患者行PBMV治疗,并进行超声心动图和临床心功能评价。结果:二尖瓣口面积(MVA)由(1.15±0.25) cm2 增至(1.88±0.32) cm2 ( P<0.001 );二尖瓣跨瓣压差(MVG)由(19.3±5.2) mmHg 降至(7.6±3.2) mmHg (P<0.001 );左心房内径(LAD)由(4.78±0.63) cm 减小到(4.21±0.48) cm (P<0.001 );心功能由(2.56±0.50) 级改善至(1.54±0.60) 级(P<0.001 ) ; 左室内径(LVD)无明显变化(P>0.05 ), 22例二尖瓣反流减轻或消失,15例二尖瓣反流维持不变,4例二尖瓣反流加重,无患者行急诊或择期二尖瓣置换术。41例患者随访时间9~112个月,平均(90±24)个月,MVA、MVG、MLAP、LAD、LVD和心功能与术后比较,均无明显变化(P>0.05) ,1例于术后15个月时死亡,4例再狭窄,再狭窄率为9.76%。结论:选择好病例,把握球囊扩张尺度,风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄伴轻度反流患者PBMV 近、远期疗效好。

  【关键词】 二尖瓣狭窄

  Evaluation on short-term and long-term clinical results after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in 41 patients with mitral valve stenosis and mild mitral valve regurgitation WANG Chong-quan, DANG Shu-yi, ZHOU Rong-hua, et al. (Department of Cardiology, Taihe hospital, Yunyang Medical College, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China)

  Abstract:Objective Evaluation on short-term and long-term clinical results after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty(PBMV) in patients with mitral valve stenosis (MS) and mild mitral valve regurgitation (MR). Methods From May 1993 to December 2001, forty-one patients with MS and mild MR were performed PBMV with the improved Inoue way, echocardiography was done initially and within long-term follow-up period. Results Successful rate of PBMV was 100 %. The mean mitral valve area was (1.15±0.25) cm2 before PBMV vs (1.88±0.32)cm2 after PBMV immediately vs (1.79±0.45 )cm2 during follow-up,mean mitral valve gradient was (19.3±5.2)mmHg vs (7.6±3.2 )mmHg vs (8.1±4.1 )mmHg, respectively,mean left atrial diameter were (4.78±0.63)cm vs (4.21±0.48)cm vs (4.25±0.52)cm, respectively,mean cardiac function (NYHA) was (2.56±0.50) vs (1.54±0.60) vs (1.59±0.63), respectively. The regurgitation in 22 cases disappeared or became more mild after the procedure. 4 cases become more sever. 41 cases were followed up for (90±24) months. There are no significantly difference comparing with that after the procedure in the mean mitral valve areas, mean mitral valve gradient, mean left atrial diameter and mean cardiac function(P>0.05 ). One patient died after 15 monthes post PBMV. There were 4 patients with restenosis and restenosis rate was 9.76% during follow-up. Conclusion The satisfied result of PBMV in MS with mild MR is depended on the selection of patients and the optimal dilatation of the valve.

  Key words:mitral valve stenosis; percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty; cardiac function

  1993 年5 月~2001年12 月对143 例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄(mitral stenosi, MS) 病人进行了经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术(percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty, PBMV) 治疗。其中41 例合并轻度二尖瓣反流(mitral valve regurgitation, MR),经长期随访,取得了良好的临床治疗效果,现报道如下。

  1资料和方法

  1.1病例选择1993 年5 月~2001年12 月在我院行PBMV 143 例风湿性MS患者中,伴轻—中度MR 41 例,男13 例,女28 例,年龄25~56岁,平均年龄(42.3 ±17.5) 岁,心功能(NYHA) Ⅱ级18 例,Ⅲ级23 例,Wilkins法超声评分4~8分,平均(5.2±1.5)分,合并慢性心房纤颤24例,有脑栓塞病史2例。有心房纤颤、脑栓塞病史患者,术前口服华法令抗凝治疗6~8周。

  1.2方法采用改良Inoue单球囊技术,经右股静脉通路,行房间隔穿刺,将球囊导管送入左心室后扩张狭窄的二尖瓣。二尖瓣口面积(MVA)的测定以二维超声心动图取左室短轴切面用沿边法为准[1]。超声测定的二尖瓣跨瓣压差(MVG)以简化的Bernoulli方程计算。预测球囊直径(mm)=身高(cm)÷10+10,再参考患者二尖瓣前叶活动度、钙化、返流及左室舒张末期直径情况,确定球囊直径,由小于预测球囊直径2 mm开始,逐渐加大球囊直径,至满意的扩张效果。PBMV成功的标准是心尖部舒张中晚期杂音明显减弱或消失,第一心音减弱,MVG下降至5 mmHg以内,术后MVA≥1.5 cm2[2]或较术前增加>25%[3]。临床心功能评价按照纽约心脏学会(NYHA)心功能评定标准进行。再狭窄的判断标准为:与术后比较,随访时MVA减少50%且MVA < 1.5 cm2[2]。

  1.3随访所有患者术前及术后1周内行超声心动图检查,测定MVA,MVG,左心房内径(LAD),对心功能进行评价。定期随访观察临床症状,心功能状况,复查超声心动图,随访终点为再次心脏介入手术或外科手术、死亡及随访时间终止于2002年12月。

  1.4统计学分析计量资料以均数加减标准差(x±s)表示,进行t检验,P<0.05为差异有显著性。

  2结果

  41例伴轻度二尖瓣反流的MS患者PBMV获成功,PBMV成功率100%,结果见表1。22例二尖瓣反流减轻或消失,15例二尖瓣反流维持不变,4例二尖瓣反流加重,无患者行急诊或择期二尖瓣置换术。41例患者随访时间9~112个月,平均(90±24)个月,1例患者在PBMV术中发生严重MR,于术后15个月时死于慢性心功能衰竭,4例患者发生再狭窄,随访时有劳力性呼吸困难及间断下肢水肿,检体发现心尖部出现舒张期隆隆样杂音,心功能2.25±0.5,复查心脏超声心动图,平均MVA(1.07±0.13) cm2,再狭窄率为9.76%。表1 PBMV术前、术后和随访时各参数结果

  3 讨论

  自1984年Inoue[4]等报道PBMV成功应用于临床以来,PBMV作为解除二尖瓣机械梗阻的一种有效的方法,得到广泛的应用。国内外大量的临床研究证实PBMV的近期和远期效果均良好,Lan等[5]认为PBMV的治疗效果与外科闭式分离术相似,已经取代外科闭式分离术,成为MS患者的首选治疗方法[6]。

  近年来,随着PBMV 技术日趋成熟完善,适应症扩大,但PBMV是否会进一步加重轻—中度MR,对远期效果的影响成为目前临床研究的问题。PBMV 引起或加重MR的主要原因为瓣膜撕裂、交界部裂开或腱索断裂[7]。为防止瓣膜撕裂,轻柔旋转控制导丝,使球囊平滑送入左心室流入道,避免强行推送球囊导管。为防止腱索断裂造成MR加重,球囊进入左心室后,使球囊前端稍充盈并轻轻推拉数次,证实球囊游离在左心室流入道,没有卡在腱索中间,再充分充盈前囊,后撤导管,快速充盈后囊扩张狭窄的二尖瓣。为防止交界部撕裂过重,在球囊直径的选择上,从比预测球囊最大直径小2 mm开始,逐渐增大球囊直径至最大预测直径,术中密切观察心脏杂音、左房平均压及跨瓣压差的变化,严格把握扩张终点。应严格选择风湿性MS伴MR患者行PBMV的适应症:①二尖瓣口面积(MVA)≤1.5 cm2;②心尖区闻及2/6~3/6 级收缩期杂音;③超声心动图测左心室内径(LVD)<5.5 cm(男)或<5.0 cm(女);④彩色多普勒超声心动图测最大反流面积与左房面积之比(反流率)为20%~40%,彩色多普勒超声心动图测定反流率与心室造影所估测二尖瓣关闭不全程度有着良好的相关性[8],对偏心性分布的MR 患者,超声心动图对反流程度的判断不够准确,最近研究认为[9] 近端血流会聚法对偏心性MR 束的评估更准确、可靠;⑤Wilkins法超声评分≤8,Feldman[10]认为超声评分不是决定PBMV后即刻效果的主要因素,与严重MR是否产生无关,但超声评分是决定远期存活率[11]及再狭窄[12]的主要因素。我们认为二尖瓣前叶的活动度、厚度、钙化及瓣下病变直接影响PBMV术后及远期治疗效果,二尖瓣后叶病变对疗效的影响较小[13];⑥心功能(NYHA 分级) Ⅱ~ Ⅲ级,心功能差、病程长、有重度三尖瓣关闭不全患者,存在严重全心损害和肺血管床阻塞性病变,PBMV术后心功能可以有一定程度的改善,但此类患者心脏代偿能力差,易出现心功能恶化,PBMV远期治疗效果差,此类患者不适合行 PBMV治疗,应考虑行瓣膜置换术[13]。本组中1例术后15个月死亡的患者属于此情况。本组41例患者有轻—中度MR 患者,成功地进行了PBMV,取得了很好地近期及远期治疗效果,22例患者术后MR减轻或消失,可能为交界部裂开后瓣膜活动增强,瓣叶边缘粘连融合造成对合或对位不良的现象得以改善所致,4例患者术后反流加重,与二尖瓣前叶的活动度较差、明显增厚、钙化较严重有关。

  综上所述,对没有造成血流动力学明显变化的MS并轻-中度MR患者,尤其是二尖瓣前叶的活动度良好、增厚和钙化较轻、瓣下病变不太严重者,PBMV可明显改善患者临床症状及心功能,近期及远期疗效满意。

  【参考文献】

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