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替加色罗对结肠炎大鼠内脏敏感性的影响及其与结肠内P物质和降钙素基因相关肽表达的关系

发表时间:2010-06-17  浏览次数:376次

  作者:孙怡宁 罗金燕 兰莉 饶志仁 作者单位:西安交通大学医学院第二附属医院消化科,陕西西安 710004;第四军医大学神经科学研究所,陕西西安 710032

  【摘要】目的 评价替加色罗对结肠炎大鼠内脏敏感性的影响,并探讨其调节内脏敏感性的作用途径。方法 成年雄性SD大鼠42只,经三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)灌肠诱导结肠炎后随机分为4个实验组和4个对照组:其中3个结直肠扩张(CRD)实验组(n=6)及3个CRD对照组(n=4)分别给大鼠替加色罗和生理盐水灌胃,在灌胃3、7、14d后记录腹壁肌电活动;1个免疫组化(IH)实验组(n=6)及其对照组(n=6)分别在替加色罗和生理盐水灌胃7d后,采用免疫组织化学法观察大鼠结肠内P物质(SP)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的表达。结果 替加色罗灌胃3d后,在1.2、1.6mL扩张容量下,大鼠腹肌收缩次数(6.00±1.10,3.17±0.98)较对照组明显减少(9.50±2.52,13.0±2.31,P<0.05)。替加色罗连续灌胃7d和14d后,在0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6mL扩张容量下,大鼠腹肌收缩次数均明显少于对照组(P<0.01)。替加色罗灌胃7d后,结肠内SP染色评分下降,而CGRP染色强度与对照组比较无明显变化。结论 替加色罗可以明显降低结肠炎大鼠对结肠球囊扩张刺激的敏感性,其降低内脏敏感性的作用可能与其抑制胃肠道内脏感觉传入神经表达SP有关。

  【关键词】 替加色罗;内脏敏感性;肠易激综合征;P物质;降钙素基因相关肽

  Effects of tegaserod on visceral sensitivity and expression of SP and CGRP in the rat colon

  Sun Yining, Luo Jinyan, Lan Li, Rao Zhiren

  (Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital,Medical School of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710004;Neuroscience Institute, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xian 710032, China)

  ABSTRACT: Objective To investigate the effects of tegaserod on visceral sensitivity and explore the regulating mechanism. Methods Fortytwo male SpragreDawley rats, which were induced colonic inflammation by intraluminal administration of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), were randomly divided into eight groups. In the three colorectal distention (CRD) treated groups (n=6), abdominal contractions were recorded after 3, 7 and 14 days of intragastric administration of tegaserod 2mg/kg d. In the three CRD control groups (n=4), abdominal contractions were recorded after 3, 7 and 14 days of intragastric injection of saline 2.0mL/d. In immunohistochemistry (IH) treated group (n=6) and IH control group (n=6), samples of colon were removed and processed for SP and CGRP immunohistochemistry after 7 days of intragastric administration of tegaserod and saline, respectively. Results Abdominal contractions induced by colonic distention decreased significantly at 1.2mL and 1.6mL distention volume after 3 days of tegaserod administration (P<0.05). After 7 and 14 days of intragastric administration of tegaserod, abdominal contractions decreased significantly at 0.4, 0.8, 1.2mL and 1.6mL distention volume compared with those of the control rats (P<0.01). In the rats treated with tegaserod for 7 days, the scoring of substance P in the colon reduced significantly. However, staining of CGRP in the colon did not significantly decrease. Conclusion Tegaserod can significantly reduce visceral sensitivity to colonic distention in conscious rats. It may reduce visceral sensitivity by inhibiting SP expression of the primary visceral afferents in the colon.

  KEY WORDS: tegaserod; visceral sensitivity; irritable bowel syndrome; substance P; calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP)

  替加色罗(tegaserod)是一种新型选择性5HT4受体部分激动剂,由于静脉和口服给药不能通过血脑屏障,因而主要作用于胃肠道5HT4受体。临床流行病学研究发现,口服替加色罗可以明显改善肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome, IBS)患者,尤其是女性IBS患者的腹部不适和腹痛症状,提示替加色罗可以降低IBS患者的内脏高敏感性[12]。但是,替加色罗调节内脏感觉的机制目前仍不清楚。在本研究中我们在三硝基苯磺酸(trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, TNBS)灌肠建立大鼠内脏高敏感性模型的基础上,通过记录结肠球囊扩张时大鼠腹壁肌电活动,评价替加色罗对大鼠内脏敏感性的影响;采用免疫组织化学法观察大鼠结肠P物质(SP)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的表达,探讨替加色罗调节内脏敏感性的作用途径。

  1 材料与方法

  1.1 实验材料和试剂 银制双极电极购自上海诺城电气有限公司;动脉栓子清除术导管(6F,气囊长2cm,直径2mm,Fogarty,Edwards)购自西安欧莱科贸有限公司;替加色罗(批号:2000011001)由北京诺华制药有限公司惠赠;兔抗SP抗体、兔抗CGRP抗体、生物素标记的羊抗兔IgG和ABC复合物均购自武汉博士德生物工程公司。

  1.2 实验动物及分组 成年雄性SD大鼠42只,体重220-250g,由第四军医大学实验动物中心提供。大鼠置于安静、温暖(18-20℃)、避强光的环境中喂养,自由饮水、摄食。随机分为4个实验组和4个对照组。实验组和对照组大鼠在TNBS灌肠后24h开始分别给替加色罗和生理盐水灌胃(表1)。

  表1 各组大鼠灌胃剂量和时间(略)

  Table 1 The dosage and duration of intragastric administration in rats of different groups

  IH: immunohistochemistry; CRD: colorectal distention

  1.3 方法

  1.3.1 灌肠方法 各组大鼠实验前24h禁食不禁水。将TNBS按50g/L溶于30%(体积分数)乙醇中。给大鼠称重,乙醚吸入麻醉后经肛门插入连接注射器的硅胶管(距肛门7cm),按100mg/kg注入TNBS。缓慢拔出硅胶管,用手压迫肛门并将大鼠尾巴抬高,继续维持麻醉状态8-10min。

  1.3.2 记录腹壁肌电活动 10g/L戊巴比妥钠按40mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉大鼠,将一特制银制双极电极缝合在腹股沟韧带上方距中线1.5cm的两侧腹外斜肌上,电极游离端经皮下隧道埋于颈后皮下。术后5-7d开始记录腹壁肌电活动。在乙醚麻醉下取出埋于大鼠颈后皮下的电极,并将电极两端连接RM6280型多通道电生理记录仪。随后将石蜡油润滑的动脉栓子清除术导管经肛门插入,球囊末端距肛门7cm,用胶带将导管缠在大鼠尾巴根部,固定球囊。将大鼠放在特制透明塑料筒中,大鼠在此筒中可前后移动但不能转身。待大鼠适应环境并完全清醒后,分别在0.0、0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6mL容量下注水进行结肠扩张。每次扩张持续5min,记录5min内腹肌收缩次数。球囊容量和直径的对应关系是:0mL容量对应2mm直径;0.4mL容量对应7.9mm直径;0.8mL容量对应10.9mm直径;1.2mL容量对应12.2mm直径;1.6mL容量对应13.5mm直径。每次扩张结束后,将水回抽,检查球囊有无漏水,以不少于注入量0.2mL为准。用RM6280生物信号采集处理系统2.0软件记录和分析腹壁肌电活动。高频滤过设置在10Hz,低频滤过设置在1kHz,电压为1mV,肌电活动增高超过基线水平1mV以上认为是一次有意义的腹壁肌电活动。

  1.3.3 结肠SP和CGRP染色 10g/L戊巴比妥钠按80mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉大鼠,沿腹正中线剪开腹壁暴露肠道,然后剪开腹主动脉和静脉放血。将大鼠垂直竖起,放完血后剪开耻骨联合,沿直肠向上分离,取距肛门7cm的结肠片段1cm,在生理盐水中漂洗干净后,立即固定在10%(体积分数)甲醛溶液中,4℃保存。结肠标本经常规脱水、透明,石蜡包埋,Leitz 1512型超薄切片机上连续切片,片厚3-5μm。将裱在载玻片上的切片常规脱水至蜡,30%(体积分数)H2O2封闭过氧化物酶;在37℃用正常羊血清封闭1h;分别入兔抗SP抗体(1∶200)和兔抗CGRP抗体(1∶200)4℃下孵育12h;在37℃烤箱中复温1h;加入生物素标记的羊抗兔IgG(1∶200),37℃下孵育1h;加入ABC复合物(1∶200),37℃下孵育1h。上述每一步骤后均用0.01mol/L PBS充分洗涤切片3次,每次5min。最后,用DAB呈色,室温下反应15-30min。经苏木素复染细胞核,1%(体积分数)盐酸分化,无水乙醇脱水,二甲苯透明后,中性树胶封片。

  由专业人员对大鼠结肠SP和CGRP染色进行分析,评分标准如下:轻度反应(+),呈浅黄色;中度反应(),呈黄色;重度反应(),呈棕黄色。

  1.3.4 统计学处理 所有数据以均值±标准差(±s)表示,采用方差分析进行各组间的均数比较,以P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

  2 结果

  2.1 替加色罗对腹壁肌电活动的影响 在球囊无扩张时,记录到大鼠腹外斜肌很少量的肌电活动,这与大鼠在记录时间内偶然的身体移动有关,各组大鼠腹肌收缩次数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。替加色罗灌胃3d后,在0.4mL和0.8mL扩张容量下,实验组大鼠腹肌收缩次数与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05);在1.2mL和1.6mL扩张容量下,实验组大鼠腹肌收缩次数与对照组相比明显减少(P<0.05)。替加色罗连续灌胃7d和14d后,在0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6mL扩张容量下,大鼠腹肌收缩次数均明显少于对照组(P<0.01,表2,图1)。

  表2 不同容量结肠球囊扩张下大鼠腹肌收缩的次数(略)

  Table 2 The number of abdominal contractions at various volumes of colonic distension in CRD groups (per 5min)

  *P<0.05,Δ P<0.01 vs. the control group

  图1 1.2mL扩张容量下记录的大鼠腹肌收缩图(略)

  Fig.1 Records of the abdominal contractions in rats at the volume of distension of 1.2mL

  A: only single abdominal contractions occurred in rats treated with tegaserod for 14 days; B: consecutive abdominal spike bursts occurred in rats treated with saline. (Each square represents 1mV in the vertical lines. Abdominal contractions were recorded at a paper speed of 4.5×10-3m/s)

  2.2 替加色罗对结肠SP和CGRP表达的影响 对照组大鼠结肠内SP和CGRP阳性细胞数量多,分布密集,染色深,呈棕黄色,评分为-。替加色罗灌胃7d后,结肠内SP阳性细胞减少,染色明显变浅,呈淡黄色,评分为+-。CGRP染色强度与对照组比较无明显变化(表3、图2)。

  3 讨论

  肠易激综合征(IBS)是以一组临床症状为依据定义的疾病,腹部不适和腹痛是IBS患者的主要特征,同时伴有腹泻、便秘和腹胀等排便异常的症状。迄今为止,IBS确切的发病机制仍不清楚[3]。近年来多项研究表明,IBS患者直肠和结肠对球囊扩张刺激的耐受性降低,直肠、结肠的感觉和/或疼痛阈值下降,内脏痛的躯体牵涉区扩大或异常,表现出对伤害性刺激,甚至非伤害性刺激的反应强度增加、反应时间延长,即痛觉过敏和(或)痛觉异常[4]。可见内脏高敏感性在IBS发病中起作用[5]。

  表3 IH组大鼠结肠SP、CGRP染色强度的评分(略)

  Table 3 The scoring of SP and CGRP staining in the colon in IH groups

  图2 结肠内SP和CGRP的表达(略)

  Fig.2 The expression of SP and CGRP in the colon (×400)

  A: SP content in the colon was pale brown stained in rats treated with saline; B: SP content in the colon was light yellow stained and the grading scores were reduced in rats treated with tegaserod.; C: CGRP content in the colon was yellow stained in rats treated with saline; D: CGRP content was still yellow stained in rats treated with tegaserod

  替加色罗是一种新型胃肠道5HT4受体部分激动剂。在胃肠道主要分布有4种5HT受体,即5HT1、5HT2、5HT3和5HT4,其中5HT4受体主要分布在肠肌神经丛的感觉神经元、内脏传入神经末梢、平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞[6]。5HT4受体与G蛋白偶联,激活后使细胞内腺苷酸环化酶活化[7]。临床研究表明,替加色罗可以明显减轻IBS患者,尤其是女性IBS患者的腹部不适和腹痛,提示替加色罗有降低内脏敏感性的作用[12]。近来一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究发现,替加色罗还可以明显降低健康人对直肠扩张刺激的敏感性[8]。

  结肠球囊扩张时大鼠腹壁肌电活动是评价内脏敏感性的客观指标之一[9]。实验结果表明,替加色罗灌胃3d后,在1.2mL和1.6mL扩张容量下,大鼠腹肌收缩次数明显少于对照组(P<0.05),说明替加色罗灌胃3d可以使大鼠对高容量结肠球囊扩张的敏感性下降。替加色罗连续灌胃7d和14d后,在0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6mL扩张容量下,大鼠腹肌收缩次数均明显少于对照组(P<0.01)。由此可见,替加色罗灌胃7d以后,大鼠无论对低容量或高容量结肠球囊扩张的敏感性均明显下降,而且这种作用维持到替加色罗灌胃后14d。Schikowski等[10]发现给去脑猫静脉注射替加色罗后,直肠扩张引起的骶背根神经放电速度明显下降。这种作用呈药物剂量依赖性,并且对直肠顺应性无影响。因而,认为在猫直肠,5HT4受体激动剂的激活可以抑制肠腔内的机械性受体。我们的实验结果与Schikowski等的结论吻合。

  传导内脏伤害性信息的脊神经细胞体位于背根神经节内,其周围端分布于胃肠道黏膜和黏膜下层,中枢端终止于脊髓背角[11]。80%以上内脏感觉传入神经元含有SP[12]。SP是传递内脏伤害性信息,引起外周和中枢性内脏高敏感性的重要神经递质。在外周,神经末梢释放的SP作用于NK1受体可以直接激活或致敏传入神经[13]。实验结果表明,替加色罗连续灌胃7d后,结肠内SP染色变浅,呈淡黄色,评分下降为+-。由此我们推测,替加色罗作用于胃肠道感觉传入神经的5HT4受体,通过抑制内脏传入神经表达SP降低内脏敏感性。

  内脏传入神经元含有CGRP,CGRP是在外周感觉传入神经与SP共存的一种神经肽[14]。CGRP除可以直接产生伤害性作用外,还可能通过促进SP释放,抑制SP降解,延长SP的作用参与炎症诱导的内脏伤害性感觉[15]。替加色罗灌胃后,结肠内CGRP染色强度与对照组比较无明显变化,评分仍为-。可见,替加色罗不能明显抑制结肠内CGRP的表达。替加色罗可能不是主要通过影响结肠CGRP表达发挥抗内脏伤害性感觉作用。但是,是否更大剂量的替加色罗灌胃可以明显降低结肠内CGRP表达仍有待进一步研究证实。

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