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《神经外科学》

继发性面肌痉挛 (附5例分析)

发表时间:2011-06-29  浏览次数:420次

  作者:王忠海 于炎冰 徐晓利 作者单位:吉林省脑科医院神经外科, 吉林 四平 136000

  【摘要】 目的 探讨继发性面肌痉挛的病因及手术治疗。 方法 回顾性分析2000年10月~2007年7月采用手术治疗的977例面肌痉挛病例中的5例 (0.5%) 继发性者。其中3例为桥小脑角胆脂瘤,术中除将肿瘤切除减压外,还行显微血管减压术;1例为听神经瘤,行肿瘤切除;另外1例双侧面肌痉挛病人为右上矢状窦旁前中1/3交界处脑膜瘤,行常规开颅肿瘤切除。 结果 5例病人术后面肌痉挛均消失,分别随访1、15、37、40、79个月,治愈率100%。术后并发症包括:暂时性单纯耳鸣1例;轻度面瘫并听力下降1例;无菌性脑膜炎1例,出院时均治愈。 结论 继发性面肌痉挛多由桥小脑角生长较广泛的胆脂瘤引起;除行颅后窝显微手术切除肿瘤外,如发现动脉通过面神经出脑干区,还应行责任动脉显微血管减压术,方能彻底减压。

  【关键词】 显微血管减压术 面部单侧痉挛 继发性

  Secondary hemifacial spasm: report of 5 cases

  WANG Zhonghai1, YU Yanbing2, XU Xiaoli2, et al

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Jilin Encephalopathy Hospital, Siping 136000, China; 2. Department of Neurosurgery,

  China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100029, China

  Abstract: Objective To explore the etiology and surgical management of secondary hemifacial spasm. Methods Five secondary cases of 977 cases with hemifacial spasm underwent microvascular decompression from October 2000 to July 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 5 cases, 3 were cerebellopontine angle cholesteatomas, which were removed, and additional microvascular decompression was performed; One was of acoustic neuroma, which was removed totally; and the other one had bilateral hemifacial spasm, secondary to a parasagittal meningioma at the junction of the anterior and middle third of the right superior sagittal sinus, and total removal of the tumor was performed. Results The immediate and follow-up cure rates were both 100%. The follow-up period was 1, 15, 37, 40, 79 months retrospectively. The postoperative complications included 1 case of transient tinnitus, 1 of mild facial palsy with decreased hearing ability and 1 chemical meningitis which recovered before discharge. Conclusion Cerebellopontine angle cholesteatoma was the main reason of secondary hemifacial spasm. Besides total removal of cerebellopontine tumors, microvascular decompression should be performed for the vessels passing through root exit zone of facial nerve to achieve cure.

  Key words: microvascular decompression; hemifacial spasm; secondary

  相对于特发性偏侧面肌痉挛 (hemifacial spasm, HFS) 而言,继发性HFS甚为少见。2000年10月~2007年7月,我科手术治疗977例HFS,其中5例 (0.5%) 为继发性病人,现对该5例进行回顾性研究,以探讨其病因学、临床特点及外科处理方法。

  1 对象与方法 (表1)

  1.1 一般资料 男性2例,女性3例;平均年龄45.4岁。临床表现:HFS合并同侧三叉神经痛 3例,合并同侧耳鸣、听力下降1例,双侧HFS 1例。病程平均5.2年。HFS症状典型4例,痉挛程度中度。术前影像学诊断:桥小脑角 (CPA) 胆脂瘤3例,听神经瘤1例,右上矢状窦旁前中1/3交界处脑膜瘤1例。

  1.2 手术方法 对3例胆脂瘤及1例听神经瘤行常规病侧枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路肿瘤切除术;3例胆脂瘤术中除将肿瘤切除减压外,还行面神经出脑干区 (REZ) 责任动脉显微血管减压术 (MVD)。对1例右上矢状窦旁前中1/3交界处脑膜瘤病人行常规幕上开颅肿瘤切除术。

  3例胆脂瘤均次全切除,1例听神经瘤及1例右上矢状窦旁前中1/3交界处脑膜瘤全切除。5例病人术后面肌痉挛及合并的三叉神经痛均消失,分别随访1、15、37、40、79个月,治愈率100%。术后并发症包括:暂时性单纯耳鸣1例 (胆脂瘤病人);轻度面瘫并听力下降1例 (听神经瘤病人);无菌性脑膜炎1例 (胆脂瘤病人),出院时均治愈。

  3 讨 论

  特发性HFS是较为常见的脑神经疾患,发病率约为1/10万,MVD是目前最有效的首选治疗方法。继发性HFS罕见,如Colosimo等[1]报告214例HFS,其中继发性者仅2例;本组继发性者发生率更低,仅为0.5%。

  继发性HFS的病因常为CPA占位性病变,如胆脂瘤[2]、听神经瘤[3]、动静脉畸形[4]、动脉瘤、胶质瘤[5]、脑膜瘤[6]、肉芽肿等,此外,还有脑干脑炎、延髓空洞症、运动神经元病及颅脑损伤等致本病的报道。本组3例为广泛生长于CPA的胆脂瘤,提示CPA胆脂瘤是继发性HFS的常见病因。继发于幕上肿瘤者甚为罕见,除本组1例右上矢状窦旁前中1/3交界处脑膜瘤之外,Bhayani等[6]曾报告过1例右枕镰旁巨大脑膜瘤引起的左侧HFS,手术切除肿瘤后HFS消失。本组该例为双侧HFS,原因不明,术前亦未确认HFS与肿瘤的明确相关性,但手术切除肿瘤后双侧HFS均消失。

  Westra等[5]报告1例继发于脑桥胶质瘤的HFS,症状不典型,行头颅MRI检查后确诊;作者认为:对于HFS不典型的病人,应考虑继发性的可能。本组HFS症状典型4例,我们认为:不能通过症状的典型与否判断HFS的原发性或继发性,对于拟行手术治疗的HFS病人,术前均应行头颅CT检查除外继发性病因。本组3例继发于CPA胆脂瘤者均合并同侧三叉神经痛,1例继发于听神经瘤者合并同侧耳鸣、听力下降等听神经受压迫症状,说明当病人并存多根脑神经受累症状时,应高度警惕CPA占位的可能[3]。

  本组3例胆脂瘤手术中同时行MVD,这是因为我们认为:CPA肿瘤对面神经的直接压迫是此类继发性HFS的根本病因,但并不能完全排除肿瘤导致血管移位而压迫面神经REZ的可能性。因此,我们主张CPA肿瘤切除后如果在面神经REZ或其附近发现有血管通过,应行MVD,将其推移远离REZ,并用Teflon垫棉垫开,以确保疗效。

  【参考文献】

  [1] COLOSIMO C, BOLOGNA M , LAMBERTI S, et al. A comparative study of primary and secondary hemifacial spasm [J]. Arch Neurol, 2006, 63(3): 441-444.

  [2] DAVIS W E, LUTERMAN B F, PULLIAM M W, et al. Hemifacial spasm caused by cholesteatoma [J]. Am J Otol, 1981, 2(3): 272-273.

  [3] PEKER S, OADUMAN K, KILIC T, et al. Relief of hemifacial spasm after radiosurgery for intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma [J]. Minim Invasive Neurosurg, 2004, 47(4): 235-237.

  [4] KONAN A V, ROY D, RAYMOND J. Endovascular treatment of hemifacial spasm associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformation using transvenous embolization: case report [J]. Neurosurgery, 1999, 44(3): 663-666.

  [5] WESTRA I, DRUMMOND G T. Occult pontine glioma in a patient with hemifacial spasm [J]. Can J Ophthalmol, 1991, 26 (3): 148-151.

  [6] BHAYANI R, GOEL A. Occipital falcine meningioma presenting with ipsilateral hemifacial spasm: a case report [J]. Br J Neurosurg, 1996, 10(6): 603-605.

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