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经血管内介入治疗颅内大型动脉瘤 (附29例分析)

发表时间:2009-06-20  浏览次数:758次

作者:李生,李宝民,王君,曹向宇   作者单位:中国人民解放军总医院神经外科, 北京 100853        【摘要】    目的 探讨经血管内治疗颅内大型动脉瘤的方法、结果及安全性。 方法 采用血管内栓塞治疗颅内大型动脉瘤病人29例。动脉瘤直径15~25 mm 15例,>25 mm 14例。22例为真性动脉瘤,其中Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ 级18例,Ⅱ级4例;行GDC栓塞12例,支架辅助GDC栓塞3例,GDC栓塞加Onyx栓塞1例,球囊闭塞载瘤动脉5例,在术前进行Matas训练过程中载瘤动脉自行闭塞1例。7例为假性动脉瘤,采用球囊加GDC栓塞载瘤动脉1例,覆膜支架置入1例,球囊闭塞载瘤动脉5例。本组行1次栓塞27例,2次栓塞1例。 结果 临床治愈23例,好转5例,死亡1例。术后随访3~36个月,存活28例均恢复良好,无再出血发生。行DSA复查9例,示动脉瘤完全不显影7例,复发2例 (为80%栓塞病人),其中1例改行手术夹闭治疗,1例临床观察。无永久性并发症发生。 结论 单独或联合采用GDC、Onyx、微支架、覆膜支架及球囊等闭塞载瘤动脉,是治疗颅内大动脉瘤一种微创、安全、有效的方法。

   【关键词】  颅内动脉瘤; 栓塞,治疗性

    Endovascular treatment of large intracranial aneurysms: a review of 29 cases

    LI Sheng, LI Baomin, WANG Jun, et al

    Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China

    Abstract: Objective  To explore the method, result and safety of endovascular treatment for large intracranial aneurysms.  Methods Twenty-nine patients with large intracranial aneurysms underwent endovascular embolization. In the group, there were 15 patients whose diameter of intracranial aneurysms ranged from 15.mm to 25mm, and 14 over 25mm. In 22 true aneurysms, 18 were Hunt-Hess grade I, and 4 were grade Ⅱ. The aneurysms were embolized with GDC (Guglielmi detachable coils) in 12 cases, embolized with GDC with assistance of Neuroform stent in 3, embolized with GDC and Onyx in 1. The parent artery was embolized with detachable balloons in 5, and the parent artery spontaneously occluded during Matas test in 1 case before operation. Among 7 cases of false aneurysms, the parent arteries of the aneurysms were embolized with GDC and balloons in 1 case, the covered stent was implanted in the parent artery in 1, and the parent artery was embolized with detachable balloons in 5. Once embolization was performed in 27 cases and twice in 1.  Results Twenty-three patients were clinically cured, 5 achieved clinical improvements and 1 died. During a period of 3 to 36 months of follow-up, the 28 survival patients were recovered well, and there was no re-bleeding. DSA was repeated in 9 cases, which showed that the aneurysm disappeared in 7, and recurred in 2 whose aneurysm cavity was occluded with GDC by 80%. In 2 recurred patients, 1 was managed by surgical clipping operation, and the other one was clinically observed. No permanent complication occurred in the group.  Conclusion  Endovascular embolization by GDC, Onyx, microstent (Neuroform), covered stent or occlusion of the parent artery with balloons is a minimal traumatic, safe and effective treatment for large intracranial aneurysms.

    Key words:  intracranial aneurysm;  embolization, therapeutic        1998年1月~2006年8月,我院采用血管内栓塞治疗颅内大动脉瘤29例,疗效较好,现总结报告如下。

    1    对象与方法

    1.1    一般资料    男19例,女10例;年龄22~72岁,平均 (45.6 ± 14.9) 岁。主要临床表现:蛛网膜下腔出血7例,阵发性头痛10例,动眼神经麻痹8例;头部外伤史7例,其中外伤后鼻衄5例。真性动脉瘤22例, 其中Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ级18例,Ⅱ级4例;假性动脉瘤7例。

    1.2    影像学检查    CT示鞍旁高密度占位9例,脑底池高密度影6例,颅底骨折2例。MRI示环池或鞍旁占位性改变17例,具有明确流空信号者15例。CTA、MRA示动脉瘤8例。本组均经DSA确诊,示单个动脉瘤25例,多发动脉瘤4例。动脉瘤位于颈内动脉C1段6例,C2段4例,C3段7例 (其中1例合并垂体瘤),C4段5例,椎基底动脉4例,前交通动脉2例,大脑后动脉1例。22例真性动脉瘤直径15~25 mm 15例,>25 mm 14例,最大者为31 mm × 24 mm × 23 mm;体/颈比为1.0~3.0。7例假性动脉瘤 (其中4例合并创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘,表现为鼻衄) 直径26~42 mm。

    1.3    治疗方法    在DSA检查过程中了解动脉瘤的位置、大小、形状、载瘤动脉关系及脑底动脉环等情况,并确定治疗方案。对22例真性动脉瘤行GDC栓塞12例,支架辅助GDC栓塞3例,GDC栓塞加Onyx栓塞1例,球囊闭塞载瘤动脉5例,术前进行Matas训练过程中载瘤动脉自行闭塞1例;对7例假性动脉瘤行球囊加GDC栓塞载瘤动脉1例,覆膜支架置入1例,球囊闭塞载瘤动脉5例。

    2    结    果

    除动脉瘤1例自行闭塞外,本组行1次栓塞27例,2次栓塞1例。28例栓塞后即时复查DSA,示动脉瘤腔完全闭塞22例 (图1),栓塞90% 3例,栓塞80% 2例;1例假性动脉瘤合并同侧创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘病人动脉瘤不显影但海绵窦瘘仍显影,经GDC补充栓塞后治愈。术中发生血管痉挛1例,经动脉内灌注罂粟碱30 mg后缓解。1例椎基底动脉瘤再次破裂出血病人昏迷,虽经抢救性栓塞治疗,仍于2周后死亡;余病人无永久并发症发生。术后随访3~36个月,28例均恢复良好,无再出血发生。复查DSA 9例,示动脉瘤完全不显影7例 (图2);2例栓塞80%的病人中,1例动脉瘤腔显影增大,改行开颅手术夹闭治疗,另1例GDC明显压缩,瘤腔无明显扩大,病人家属要求保守治疗而未予处理。

3    讨    论

    颅内大型动脉瘤的血管内治疗较为复杂,在材料选择方面应慎重,应针对动脉瘤的特点选择合适的材料。

    3.1    GDC    窄颈动脉瘤可直接送入弹簧圈栓塞,尽可能达到致密栓塞,使动脉瘤内皮细胞受到弹簧圈压迫而变性,从而更好地闭塞动脉瘤,减少复发的可能性。因动脉瘤腔较大,可先选择较长的弹簧圈,最后再用短圈增加手术安全性。本组12例所用GDC的总长度为135~417 cm不等。宽颈动脉瘤栓塞具有一定的难度,采用微支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞技术可解决这一难题。本组3例宽颈动脉瘤选用Neuroform支架,采用瘤颈重塑技术[1,2],先将支架置入载瘤动脉,再通过支架网眼将微导管送入动脉瘤腔内,以GDC行腔内填塞。考虑到Neuroform支架的支撑力有限,为避免GDC将Neuroform支架过度压迫致其塌陷而引起载瘤动脉闭塞,我们对这3例仅进行了90%以上的栓塞,而非致密填塞;除1例椎基底巨大动脉瘤破裂出血病人昏迷2周后死亡外,另2例均取得了良好的效果,遗憾的是病人没有按要求定期复查DSA而缺少随诊结果评价。也有文献报道采用双导管技术,将2根微导管置于瘤腔内,同时送入2枚GDC成功栓塞大型宽颈动脉瘤[3,4]。采用GDC栓塞术中如发生动脉瘤破裂出血,病人可有突发头痛、癫发作、意识改变、躁动 (局麻下)、血压升高 (局麻或全麻) 等,超选择造影可见对比剂溢出动脉瘤轮廓之外;出血原因多为GDC在瘤腔内盘旋时使动脉瘤原破裂处已形成的血栓移位,或微导管、微导丝及GDC刺破动脉瘤壁所致。术中一旦发生动脉瘤破裂,应及时给予相应处理,力争在最短时间内将动脉瘤腔完全填塞止血。本组均未发生栓塞术中动脉瘤破裂出血。

    3.2    Onyx    对颅内大动脉瘤,用球囊辅助注射Onyx栓塞动脉瘤是又一可行的方法[5]。在roadmap引导下,把微导管置入动脉瘤腔内,病人全身肝素化后,将已经预置入载瘤动脉瘤颈处的球囊充盈,再经微导管分次缓慢注射Onyx,直至将动脉瘤腔完全填充。此手术需在全麻下进行,手术耗时较长。本组采用此法栓塞1个大动脉瘤,效果满意。

    3.3    可脱式球囊    栓塞动脉瘤而保留载瘤动脉通畅,是比较理想的方法,但在无法保留载瘤动脉时,闭塞载瘤动脉也是治疗颅内大型动脉瘤一个可靠的方法,尤其是假性动脉瘤合并严重鼻衄需急诊处理者。压迫病侧颈内动脉,经对侧颈动脉及椎动脉造影是确定能否闭塞载瘤动脉的关键因素之一。本组12例 (真性动脉瘤6例,假性动脉瘤6例) 术前行Matas训练,术中在压迫病侧颈动脉的同时行对侧颈动脉、椎动脉造影,均显示颅内血流代偿良好,行球囊闭塞实验 (球囊充盈闭塞载瘤动脉30 min) 观察,无神经功能缺失,其后闭塞载瘤动脉,均获得了满意的疗效。其中1例真性动脉瘤在行Matas训练期间突发剧烈头痛,无阳性神经系统体征,急查头颅CT未见出血,行血管造影发现动脉瘤及载瘤动脉自发闭塞,考虑为压迫病侧颈动脉导致动脉瘤腔内血液滞留,血栓形成后瘤腔及载瘤动脉闭塞,遂在载瘤动脉近端置入1个保护球囊。该病例提示,在一定条件下,大型动脉瘤具有自发血栓形成而闭塞的可能性[6]。本组5例鼻衄的假性动脉瘤病人尽管出血量较大,经输血补充血容量后,贫血状况得到了一定程度纠正,其后闭塞载瘤动脉,均未发生脑梗死。值得注意的是,对合并创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的假性动脉瘤,在确认脑底动脉环代偿良好后,闭塞颈内动脉时应尽量在闭塞瘘口的前提下进行,近端再置入1个保护球囊,并应即刻经椎动脉 (侧位摄片) 或对侧颈内动脉 (正位摄片) 复查DSA,观察瘘口是否闭塞完全。本组2例在闭塞病侧颈内动脉后复查,示瘘口闭塞不完全,血流经瘘口远端的颈内动脉反流入瘘口及假性动脉瘤腔内,其中1例经椎基底动脉-大脑后动脉-后交通动脉-颈内动脉途径应用GDC补充栓塞,另1例改用手术夹闭瘘口远端颈内动脉,均治愈。

    3.4    覆膜支架    裸支架在脑血管的应用近年来报道较多,但鲜见覆膜支架在颅内血管应用的报道。1997年,Ruebben等[7]报道采用JOSTENT 带膜支架直接封闭动脉瘤颈,成功闭塞颈内动脉瘤且保留了颈内动脉。2002年,Kocer等[8]报道采用带膜支架治愈颈内动脉海绵窦瘘。本组1例选择应用JOSTENT覆膜支架封闭假性动脉瘤颈部,DSA示假性动脉瘤未显影而颈内动脉保留完好。我们体会,应用覆膜支架时应注意以下两点:覆膜支架硬度较大,经颅底骨孔 (破裂孔) 进入颅内的难度也大,如果颈内动脉过于迂曲则支架难以到位,瘤颈若在颈内动脉转折处则覆膜支架难以将其完全封闭;由于目前所用的覆膜支架是冠脉和外周支架,不是颅内专用支架,因此,在术前应充分告知病人并征得其同意。

    3.5    栓塞疗效及安全性评价    本组死亡1例,余病例无并发症发生,与文献报告相符[9]。近期随诊复发的2例当时仅栓塞了80%。分析其复发原因,一是未达到致密填塞,血流冲击导致瘤腔内的弹簧圈压缩,从而使瘤腔再现;二是动脉瘤本身继续生长。余致密填塞的动脉瘤均无明显复发迹象。本组病例数量及随诊病例数量均有限,大宗病例及远期随诊结果尚待进一步观察。

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[3] BAXTER B W, ROSSO D, LOWNIE S P. Double microcatheter technique for detachable coil treatment of large, wide-necked intracranial aneurysms [J]. Am J Neuroradiology, 1998, 19(6): 1176-1178.

[4] WILLINSKY R, TERBRUGGE K. Use of a second microcatheter in the management of a perforation during endovascular treatment of a cerebral aneurysm [J]. Am J Neuroradiology, 2000, 21(8): 1537-1539.

[5] 宋冬雷, 冷冰, 徐斌, 等. 新型液态栓塞剂Onyx治疗颅内动脉瘤的初步经验 [J]. 中国脑血管病杂志, 2006, 3(3): 110- 113.

[6] KONDO A, YASUHARA T, SUGIU K, et al. Spontaneous thrombosis of a fusiform aneurysm arising from the distal posterior cerebral artery: case report [J]. No Shinkei Geka, 2003, 31(2): 189-193.

[7] RUEBBEN A, MERLO M, VERRI A, et al. Exclusion of an internal carotid aneurysm by a covered stent [J]. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino), 1997, 38(3): 301-303.

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[9] MOLYNEUX A, KERR R, STRATTON I, et al. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomized trial [J]. Lancet, 2002, 360(9342): 1267-1274.

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