舒芬太尼在剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛的应用效果分析
发表时间:2010-11-09 浏览次数:448次
作者:方勇 作者单位:延边大学附属医院 麻醉科,吉林 延吉 133000
【摘要】 [目的]观察舒芬太尼应用于剖宫产术后病人硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)的镇痛效果和不良反应.[方法]将孕36~40周剖宫产产妇60例分为A,B,C 3个组,每组各为20例,其中A组PCEA配方为芬太尼0.4mg(4mg/L)、罗哌卡因200mg(2.5g/L)及地塞米松5mg,B组为舒芬太尼40μg(0.4mg/L)、罗哌卡因200mg(2.5g/L)及地塞米松5mg,C组为罗派卡因200mg(2.5g/L);另将静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)产妇20例设为D组,PCIA配方为芬太尼1.0mg.观察各组病人术后不同时段VAS评分、镇痛药用量、PCA按压次数、恶心、呕吐、腹胀、皮肤搔痒发生率及术前、术后48h血清催乳素水平.[结果]术后4~8h段B组患者VAS评分显著低于A,C组,术后8~16h段显著低于D组;术后16~24h段B组患者镇痛药用量及实际PCA按压次数低于A,C组.术后各时间段A,B,C组患者恶心发生率均明显低于D组;术后4,8,16h段A,B,C组患者呕吐发生率均明显低于D组;术后4,8h段D组患者皮肤搔痒发生率明显低于A,B,C组;术后48h A,B,C组患者血清催乳素水平均明显高于D组.[结论]0.4mg/L舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因应用于剖宫产术后PCEA的镇痛效果较好,不良反应发生率较低,对术后患者血清催乳素水平的影响较小.
【关键词】 镇痛 剖宫产术 舒芬太尼
Analysis of epidural analgesia effects of the sufentanil for uterine incision delivery
FANG Yong1, LI Shaoyan1, SHEN Yingzi2
(1.Department of Anesthesia, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University , Yanji 133000, Jilin, China;2.Healthcenter, Yanbian Finance and Economics School, Yanji 133001, Jilin, China)
ABSTRACT:OBJECTIVETo observe antalgic effects and untoward effects of the sufentanil for uterine incision delivery with patient self controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA).METHODS60 patients of uterine incision delivery with PCEA were devited into three groups of A, B, and C, in which prescription of PCEA in group A (n=20) was 4mg/L Fentanil(0.4mg)+2.5g/L ropivacaine(200mg), in group B (n=20): 0.4mg/L Sufentanil(40μg)+2.5g/L Ropivacaine(200mg), and in group C (n=20): 2.5g/L ropivacaine(200mg). And in addition to, another group D of patient controlled intravenous analgesia(PCIA) was set up as comparison group(n=20), and prescription of PCIA was Fentanil 1.0mg+metoclopramide 10mg. The dexamethasone 5mg was administrated in group A and B. It was observed in the patients of each group that VAS grade in difference time quantum after operation, analgesic dosage, pressing frequency of PCA, incidence of nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention and skin titillation, and serum prolactin(PRL) concentration at 48 h of pre and postoperation.RESULTSThe VAS grade at 4~8h of postoperation is signicantely lower in group B than in group A and C, and in group D at 8~16h of postoperation. The analgesic dosage at 16~24h of postoperation and pressing frequency of PCA was lower in group B than in group A and C. The nausea incidence at every time quantum was decreased all in group A, B and C than in group D, and vomiting incidence at 4, 8 and 16h of postoperation was decreased in group A, B and C than in group D. The incidence of skin titillation at 4 and 8h of postoperation was all lower in group D than in group A, B and C, and the serum PRL concentration at 48h of postoperation was higher in group A, B and C than in group D.CONCLUSION0.4mg/L of the sufentanil with ropivacaine for uterine incision delivery have better analgesia effects, low incidence of untoward effects and low influence of serum PRL concentration at postoperation.
Key words:analgesia;cesarean section;sufentanil
舒芬太尼为强效阿片类镇痛药,镇痛强度是吗啡的75~125倍,是芬太尼的5~10倍,脂溶性为芬太尼的2倍,作用时间为30~60min,半衰期为156min,体内蓄积时间短于芬太尼,应用剂量亦明显少于芬太尼.罗哌卡因是新型长效酰胺类局部麻醉药,毒性较低,低浓度时对感觉神经的阻滞及对运动神经的阻滞分离作用明显.本研究观察了不同配伍药物在剖宫产术后病人硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)和静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)中的镇痛效果、不良反应及对产妇术后血清催乳素(PRL)水平的影响.
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选择孕期为36~40周的剖宫产产妇80例(ASAⅠ,Ⅱ),年龄为20~40岁,体重为60~90kg,采用随机双盲法分为A,B,C,D 4个组,每组各为20例.
1.2 麻醉方法 采用联合麻醉,即病人入手术室后开放静脉通道,取L2~3间隙行硬膜外穿刺,成功后插入蛛网膜下腔穿刺针,待有脑脊液回流后,注入7.5g/L盐酸布比卡因0.8~1.2mL,再向硬膜外腔向头方置管3.5~4.5cm.
1.3 镇痛方法 术后使用镇痛药配方:A组,芬太尼0.4mg(4mg/L)、罗哌卡因200mg(2.5g/L)、地塞米松5mg;B组,舒芬太尼40μg(0.4mg/L)、罗哌卡因200mg(2.5g/L)、地塞米松5mg;C组为罗哌卡因200mg(2.5g/L);均配制成100mL,PCEA参数均为持续量3mL,PCA量为1mL,负荷量为5mL,锁定时间为20min,每小时最大剂量为15mL.D组采用PCIA,配方为芬太尼1.0mg加甲氧氯普胺10mg,PCIA参数为持续量为1.5mL,PCA量为3.5mL,锁定时间为15min,每小时最大剂量为10mL.各组镇痛均在手术结束时启动,镇痛时间为24~48h.
1.4 观察项目 分别记录术后4,8,16,24,48h产妇VAS评分、镇痛药用量及PCA次数,并记录是否出现恶心、呕吐、腹胀、皮肤搔痒、呼吸抑制及尿潴留等并发症.视觉模拟评分标准(VAS):低于3分者为良好;3,4分为基本满意;等于或大于5分为差.镇静程度评价采用Ramsay评分法进行:1分为清醒,烦躁不安;2分为清醒,安静合作;3分为欲睡,对指令反应敏捷;4分为入睡,呼之马上反应;5分为入睡,呼之反应迟钝;6分为沉睡,呼之无反应.睡眠质量:0分为良好;1分为一般;2分为较差;3分为无眠.恶心评分:0分为无恶心症状;1分为运动时有轻度恶心症状;2分为休息时有轻度恶心症状;3分为休息时有剧烈恶心感.呕吐评分:0分为无呕吐症状;1分为呕吐1~3次/日;2分为呕吐3~5次/日;3分为呕吐次数多于6次/日.总体满意度评分:不满意、基本满意及非常满意.采用放射免疫分析法测定产妇术前及术后48h血清PRL值.
1.5 统计学方法 数据以均数±标准偏差(±SD)表示,采用SPSS13.0软件包进行处理,组间计量资料行t检验,组间各时间点参数比较采用单因素方差分析;计数资料之间行卡方检验.
2 结果
2.1 一般资料 A,B,C,D组患者在年龄、体重及孕周间均无显著性差异(P>0.05),具有可比性.
2.2 观察指标
2.2.1 术后48h内各时间段静息状态下VAS评分、镇痛药消耗量及PCA按压次数 术后A,B,C组产妇VAS评分、镇痛药用量及实际PCA按压次数均低于D组.各时间段比较:静息状态下术后8h时B组的VAS评分低于A,C组,相比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05),术后16h B组VAS评分显著低于D组,相比较有显著性差异(P<0.01),其他时间段VAS评分各组间无显著差异(P>0.05).A,B,C,D组产妇术后镇痛药消耗量及实际PCA按压次数随时间推移呈下降趋势,术后24h时B组患者镇痛药消耗量及实际PCA按压次数低于A,C组,相比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05),各组其他时间段镇痛药消耗量及实际PCA按压次数间无显著性差异(P>0.05);见表1.
2.2.2 术后各时间段镇静效果、睡眠质量、恶心及呕吐评分 A,B,C组产妇术后各时间段恶心发生率及4,8,16h呕吐发生率均较D组明显降低,相比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01,P<0.05);各组镇静及睡眠质量评分间无显著性差异(P>0.05);见表2.
2.2.3 皮肤搔痒发生率、镇痛满意度、术前及术后48h血清PRL值 D组病人4,8h皮肤搔痒发生率较A,B,C组低,相比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05).A,B,C组产妇镇痛满意度较D组高,相比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01).各组产妇术后48h血清PRL水平均较术前显著升高,A,B,C组患者术后48h血清PRL水平与D组比较显著升高,相比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);见表3.
2.2.4 不良反应 各组病人术后均未发生腹胀,排气时间间均无明显差异.A,B,C组病人中出现下肢麻木感者为6例(术后4h时 2例,8h时4例),发生下肢运动恢复延迟者为2例,头晕者为1例,无发生尿潴留、低血压及呼吸困难等表现.表1 术后静息状态下各时间段VAS评分、镇痛药用量及实际PCA按压次数表2 术后各时间段镇静、睡眠质量、恶心及呕吐评分表3 术后各组皮肤搔痒发生例数、镇痛满意度、术前及术后48h血清PRL值
3 讨论
剖宫产术后患者循环血容量增加,且要求早期哺乳,因此对术后镇痛的要求是对心血管影响小,药物在体内蓄积时间短,不影响哺乳.据报道,舒芬太尼全身用药及椎管内用药的效价比分别为芬太尼的10倍及4~6倍[1,2].硬膜外使用局部麻醉药物是有效的缓解手术切口疼痛的方法,但单独使用局部麻醉药物镇痛时,获得满意效果的同时往往产生运动神经阻滞,影响术后早期恢复及活动[3].HofmannKiefer等[4]报道,局部麻醉药物与舒芬太尼复合使用时,可减少40%~50%的局部麻醉药物用量而不影响效果,这对术后病人的早期活动及减少不良反应有意义.本研究结果表明,A,B,C组VAS评分较D组明显降低;B组患者恶心及呕吐发生率明显低于D组;B组术后48h血清PRL水平明显高于D组;B组患者皮肤搔痒、下肢运动恢复及下肢麻木发生率均高于D组.据报道,地塞米松可减少硬膜外应用阿片类药物引起的皮肤搔痒、恶心及呕吐[5],但本研究结果显示在PCEA镇痛配方中加用地塞米松后,仍有少数产妇出现皮肤搔痒等症状.剖宫产术后疼痛可引起交感神经兴奋,儿茶酚胺增加,引发下丘脑分泌生乳激素抑制因子(PIF)增多,从而抑制PRL的分泌,延迟初乳及母乳喂养时间[6].本研究结果示,采用舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因行镇痛可减少下丘脑对PIF的分泌,提高血清PRL水平.Antok等[7]进行的临床观察结果表明,术后持续硬膜外输注舒芬太尼可获得满意的镇痛效果.本组PCEA患者中仅1例出现了较严重的不良反应,考虑与患者长期卧床及环境潮湿有关,与PCEA镇痛配伍有无直接关系尚待进一步探讨.总之,在剖宫产术后镇痛方式中舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因行PCEA的效果明显优于PCIA,并可提高患者术后血清PRL水平,有良好的应用前景.
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