地塞米松降低腰部硬膜外麻醉腰背痛
发表时间:2010-01-29 浏览次数:602次
地塞米松降低腰部硬膜外麻醉腰背痛作者:陈国忠,窦元元,王金华,于向鸿,林秀真,曾 健,陈东生 关键词: 麻醉,硬膜外;腰痛;地塞米松;脊痛 摘 要:目的 对比观察术前、术毕硬膜外腔地塞米松对腰部硬膜外麻醉腰背痛的预防效果. 方法 选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级在腰部硬膜外麻醉下手术患者1200例,均分为4组,硬膜外腔首次量均为19mL利多卡因复合液.组Ⅰ∶20g?L-1 利多卡因18mL和9g?L-1 氯化钠注射液1mL;组Ⅱ:同组Ⅰ,同时静注地塞米松(Dexa)1mL(5mg);组Ⅲ:20g?L-1 利多卡因18mL加Dexa1mL(5mg);组Ⅳ:同组Ⅰ,但于术毕硬膜外腔注入7.5g?L-1 丁哌卡因5mL加Dexa1mL(5mg).此后全组患者按手术需要硬膜外腔注入5g?L-1 丁哌卡因5~8mL. 结果 术后前3d组Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ和Ⅳ腰背痛发生率分别为24.7%,23.3%,8%和8.7%.组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ腰背痛发生率明显多于组Ⅲ和组Ⅳ(P<0.01),且疼痛程度明显重于后两组,组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ或组Ⅲ和组Ⅳ间无明显差异(P>0.05).组Ⅰ,组Ⅱ硬膜外穿刺次数与术后腰背痛明显正相关(P<0.01);组Ⅲ,组Ⅳ腰背痛发生率及硬膜外穿刺次数与腰背痛无明显关系(P>0.05). 结论 硬膜外腔地塞米松有效预防腰部硬膜外麻醉后腰背痛,其疗效不受注药时机的影响. Effect of epidural dexamethasone administration on backache occurring after lumbar epidural anesthesia CHEN Guo-Zhong,DOU Yuan-Yuan,WANG Jing-Hua,YU Xiang-Hong,LIN Xiu-Zhen,ZENG Jian,CHEN Dong-Sheng Department of Anesthesiology,Fuzhou General Hospital of Chinese PLA,Nanjing Command,Fuzhou350025,China Keywords:anesthesia,epidural;low back pain;dexametha-sone;back pain Abstract:AIM To compare the effect of dexamethasone epidurally given pre-or postoperatively on backache occurring after lumbar epidural anesthesia.METHODS One thousand and two hundred patients of ASA physical statusⅠorⅡwho had undergone lower abdomen or lower limb operations were divided into four groups.GroupⅠreceived18mL lidocaine(20g?L-1 )and1mL normal saline epidurally,GroupⅡwere given5mg dexamethasone intravenously at the same time when lidocaine was given as for GroupⅠ,GroupⅢre-ceived18mL lidocaine(20g?L-1 )and5mg dexamethasone epidurally,and GroupⅣwere injected5mL bupivacaine(7.5g?L-1 )and5mg dexamethasone epidurally at the end of the operation,in addition to lidocaine given as for GroupⅠ.Patients were interviewed at8,24,48and72h postop-eratively using a standard visual analog scale(VAS)to evalu-ate postepidural backache.RESULTS The incidence of backache in GroupⅠ,Ⅱ,ⅢandⅣwere24.7%,23.3%,8%and8.7%respectively.The incidences of backache in GroupⅠandⅡwere significantly higher than those in GroupⅢandⅣ(P<0.01);The severities of backache in GroupⅠandⅡwere also significantly greater than those in GroupⅢandⅣ.The difference between the incidences of GroupⅠandⅡwas not significant(P>0.05),neither was that between GroupⅢandⅣ.There was a significant asso-ciation between the incidence of backache and the number of epidural puncture in GroupⅠandⅡ(P<0.01),but there was no such association in GroupⅢandⅣ(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Addition of dexamethasone to local anes-thetic could reduce the incidence and severity of backache oc-curring after epidural anesthesia,whether it was given pre-or postoperatively.0 引言 硬膜外阻滞麻醉是我国目前最常用的麻醉方法之一[1] .腰背痛是腰部硬膜外阻滞麻醉一种常见并发症[2] .地塞米松用于急慢性疼痛治疗,效果良好[3] .近年研究发现,地塞米松明显延长布比卡因硬膜外麻醉的作用时效,因而可用于术后镇痛[4,5] .那么单次用药是否可以兼顾二者的作用?我们对比观察手术开始前和手术结束时硬膜外腔注射地塞米松对腰部硬膜外阻滞麻醉腰背痛的预防效果.报告如下.1 对象和方法 1.1 对象 选择美国麻醉医师学会(American Soci-ety of Anesthesiologists,ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,拟在腰部硬膜外阻滞麻醉下行下腹部、下肢和会阴部手术患者1200例(除外腰背部损伤、严重脊柱畸形、剖宫产及接受皮质激素治疗患者),均分为四组,每组300例. 1.2 方法 患者入手术室后行连续无创血压(NBP),心电图(ECG),呼吸频率(RR)和脉搏氧饱和度(SP O2 )监护,全组患者均取左侧卧位,于L2~3 或L3~4 椎间隙采用中路法进行硬膜外腔穿刺,以阻力突破感及无气泡压缩判定穿刺针进入硬膜外腔,穿刺成功后尾侧注药后,头侧置管入硬膜外腔3~4cm.硬膜外腔首次量19mL利多卡因复合液,分3次给药;组Ⅰ∶20g?L-1 利多卡因18mL和9g?L-1 氯化钠注射液(NS)1mL;组Ⅱ:同组Ⅰ,同时静注地塞米松(Dexa)1mL(5mg);组Ⅲ:20g?L-1 利多卡因18mL加Dexa1mL(5mg);组Ⅳ:同组Ⅰ,但于术毕硬膜外腔注入7.5g?L-1 丁哌卡因5mL加Dexa1mL(5mg)[9] .此后全组患者按手术需要硬膜外腔注入5g?L-1 丁哌卡因5~8mL.全组术中按需静注哌替啶-异丙嗪合剂1.5mL并面罩吸氧.术前用药:安定10mg,阿托品0.5mg或东莨菪碱0.3mg术前30min肌注.全组采用18号硬膜外穿刺针中路法按标准硬膜外麻醉法操作,按计划注药,记录术中辅助用药、硬膜外穿刺次数和麻醉时间.效果评定采用标准视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价腰背痛,0分为无痛,10分为疼痛难忍.术后8,24,48和72h由专人观察患者的腰背痛和哌替啶的应用情况,全组患者术后仅根据患者要求肌注哌替啶镇痛,如遇应用哌替啶则推迟2h观察.腰背痛程度根椐VAS评分结果分:轻度(<3分)、中度(3~7分)和重度(>7分). 统计学分析:数据以均数±标准差表示,采用F方差分析和t检验,P<0.05为显著性差异.2 结果 2.1 一般情况 年龄:组Ⅰ(44±19)a,组Ⅱ(47±18)a,组Ⅲ(48±18)a,组Ⅳ(45±17)a;性别:组Ⅰ男185例,女115例,组Ⅱ男193例,女107例,组Ⅲ男179例,女121例,组Ⅳ男172例,女128例;体质量:组Ⅰ(61±9)kg,组Ⅱ(63±7)kg,组Ⅲ(59±11)kg,组Ⅳ(62±8)kg;硬膜外多次与1次穿刺成功的例数比:组Ⅰ69/231,组Ⅱ71/229,组Ⅲ79/221,组Ⅳ76/224;硬膜外导管留置时间:组Ⅰ(128±32) min,组Ⅱ(133±36)min,组Ⅲ(138±38)min,组Ⅳ(145±42)min;术中哌替啶平均用量:组Ⅰ(0.5±0.2)mg?kg-1 ,组Ⅱ(0.6±0.3)mg?kg-1 ,组Ⅲ(0.4±0.2)mg?kg-1 ,组Ⅳ(0.5±0.3)mg?kg-1 ;即4组间一般情况无明显差异. 2.2 腰背痛情况 术后前3d组Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ和Ⅳ腰背痛例数分别为74(24.7%,男39,女35)例,70(23.3%,男37,女33)例,24(8%,男12,女12)例和26(8.7%,男11,女15)例.组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ腰背痛的发生率明显高于组Ⅲ和组Ⅳ(P<0.01),且疼痛程度明显重于组Ⅲ和组Ⅳ,组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ或组Ⅲ和组Ⅳ间无明显差异(Tab1).四组组内比较显示:组Ⅰ,组Ⅱ硬膜外穿刺次数与术后腰背痛明显相关(P<0.01),即腰背痛的机会随硬膜外穿刺次数的增加而增加;组Ⅲ,组Ⅳ间腰背痛的发生率及此两组硬膜外穿刺次数与腰背痛则无明显关系(P>0.05,Tab2).表1 腰部硬膜外利多卡因麻醉患者术后腰背痛情况(略)表2 穿刺次数与术后腰背痛的关系(略)3 讨论 硬膜外阻滞麻醉是我国目前最常用的麻醉方法之一,腰背痛是腰部硬膜外阻滞麻醉一种常见的并发症,大约有3%~11.5%患者长期受到腰背痛的困扰[6] .硬膜外阻滞麻醉后腰痛多发生在穿刺部位及其周围的脊背部,可能系损伤局部组织及韧带引起的无菌性炎症、无菌性骨膜炎和骨软骨炎所致.我们观察到,组Ⅰ,Ⅱ硬膜外穿刺次数与术后腰背痛的发生率明显正相关,即腰背痛的机会随腰部硬膜外穿刺次数的增加而增加,也说明腰背痛主要源于局部组织损伤及由此引起的炎症反应;同时表明:提高硬膜外穿刺一次成功率也可降低腰背痛的发生.地塞米松目前已广泛用于急慢性疼痛治疗,用于防治硬膜外阻滞麻醉后腰背痛报告甚少.地塞米松局部应用有抑制无髓鞘C-神经纤维的传导、抑制炎症水肿和粘膜直接保护作用[7] ,全身应用则有抗炎消肿和局部止痛作用[8] ,故设计静脉注射地塞米松组作为对照.我们发现组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ腰背痛的发生率明显多于组Ⅲ和组Ⅳ,且疼痛程度明显重后两组,组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ腰背痛的发生率则无显著差异;说明硬膜外腔注入地塞米松可减少腰部硬膜外穿刺后腰背痛的发生并明显减轻疼痛,并证实为地塞米松的局部作用所致. 地塞米松通过干扰一氧化氮(NO)激活鸟苷酸环化酶(GC-S),降低靶细胞内cGMP而产生对炎痛的镇痛作用,地塞米松还通过收缩血管,降低毛细血管的通透性,血管对局麻药的吸收的更慢,使通过椎间孔、通透蛛网膜绒毛和直接透过硬膜及蛛网膜进入神经组织的局麻药量增多,明显延长布比卡因硬膜外阻滞麻醉的作用时效,因而可用于术后镇痛[4,9] .那么单次硬膜外腔注入是否可以既能有效预防腰背痛的发生,又能达到理想的术后镇痛效果呢?我们对比观察手术开始前与手术结束时硬膜外注射地塞米松对腰部硬膜外阻滞麻醉腰背痛的影响后发现:手术开始前与术毕腰部硬膜外注入地塞米松对其预防腰部硬膜外阻滞麻醉后腰背痛无明显的影响.组Ⅲ,Ⅳ硬膜外穿刺次数与腰背痛无明显关系,则提示硬膜外腔地塞米松可能是通过抑制创伤部位的氧化酶活性和前列腺素的合成,抑制损伤组织激活和释放炎性介质、抑制脊神经根神经传导及粘膜直接保护作用而发挥其镇痛作用[7] .研究表明,硬膜外腔注射皮质激素对椎管内组织的超微结构及神经传导无明显影响 [10] . 参考文献: [1]Yang YH,Sun XD,Zhao H,Chi W,Yao,LN.Applying of auscultation technique in epidural acupuncture [J].Di-si Junyi Daxue Xuebao(J Fourth Mil Med Univ),2000;21(6):S131-S133. 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