色素原位杂交在检测乳腺癌患者组织中HER2基因的应用
发表时间:2009-06-08 浏览次数:803次
作者单位:郑州大学第一附属医院,河南 郑州 450052 【摘要】 [目的] 探讨色素原位杂交(CISH)在检测乳腺癌患者组织中HER2基因状态的临床应用,比较CISH与免疫组化(IHC)检测组织HER2状态的差异性。[方法] 采用SPOT-Light HER2 CISHTM试剂盒,以CISH方法对40例IHC EnVision法染色分别为(+++)、(++)、(+)和阴性(-)的乳腺癌石蜡切片标本进行HER2基因状态的检测。[结果] HER2表达IHC(+++)的8例标本中,7例为HER2基因扩增CISH检测,1例无扩增;(++)的13例标本中,5例为HER2基因扩增,8例无扩增;(+)的10例标本中,2例为HER2基因扩增,7例无扩增;(-)的9例标本均无扩增。两种方法对乳腺癌组织HER-2/neu状态的检测有一定的差异性(kappa=0.458,P=0.003)。[结论] IHC是HER表达初步筛查的首选方法,由于蛋白表达和基因扩增检测结果存在一定的差异性,建议IHCC(+++~+)患者进一步作CISH检测确诊。
【关键词】 乳腺肿瘤 免疫组织组化 色素原位杂交 基因;HER2(c-erbB-2)
Chromogenic in Situ Hybridization for HER-2/neu Status Detecting in Breast Cancer Tissue Samples
GUO Zhi-qiang1, WANG Qi-ming2, FAN Qing-xia1, et al.
(1.The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052, China;
2.Cancer Hospital of Henan Province,Zhengzhou 450008, China)
Abstract: [Purpose] To explore the application for clinical assessment of HER2 gene expression status by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) and to compare the results with those obtained by immunohistochemistry(IHC). [Methods] CISH for HER2 gene expression status was performed using SPOT-Light HER2 CISHTM on the archival paraffin-embedded sections of breast cancer tissues from 40 cases with immunohistochemical staining scores of (+++), (++), (+) and (-). [Results] Of the 8 cases with score (+++) by IHC, 7 cases showed HER2 gene amplification by CISH, 1 case CISH-negative. Five of the 13 cases with score (++) showed HER2 gene amplification, the remaining 8 cases were CISH-negative. Two of 10 cases with score (+) showed HER2 gene amplification, the remaining 8 cases were CISH-negative. All the patients with scores negative (n=9) failed to show amplification. Certain difference to the examination of HER-2/neu status (kappa=0.458,P=0.003) was found in the kinds of method. [Conclusion] Immunohistochemistry(IHC) is the first choice in primary screening for HER2 expression status. Because of the obvious discrepancies between protein expression and gene amplification, patients with score (+++~+) by IHC should undergo CISH testing.
Key words: breast neoplasms; immunohistochemistry(IHC); chromogenic in situ hybridization(CISH);
gene; HER2(c-erbB-2)
HER2(c-erbB-2)是表皮生长因子受体家族的一员,具有酪氨酸激酶样活性的跨膜糖蛋白(p185),参与酪氨酸激酶信号转导调控上皮细胞增殖[1]。研究证实约20%~30%的乳腺癌患者存在HER-2/neu基因扩增或蛋白过表达,是乳腺癌的一个独立不良预后因素,预示生存期短及易复发,对常规的化疗方案及激素治疗不敏感[2~4]。随着靶向治疗药物——Herceptin(针对HER2的人源化单克隆抗体)成功研制并运用于临床,显著延长了HER2过表达的转移性乳腺癌患者的生存期[5],且最近研究显示,早期过表达HER2的乳腺癌患者也能从Herceptin的辅助化疗中受益[6],同时在治疗过程中Herceptin所致的心脏毒性也引起了人们的关注[7],因此准确的检测HER2状态显得尤为重要。
CISH是近年来新的对HER2基因检测的方法,它综合利用了FISH的原位杂交技术和IHC的可在普通光学显微镜检测的过氧化物酶显色技术,对HER2基因检测结果与FISH具有高度的一致性[8~10]。本实验研究目的是评价CISH对乳腺癌患者的病理标本进行HER2基因扩增检测的可行性,并比较IHC与CISH在检测组织HER2状态的差异性。
1 材料与方法
1.1 组织标本
收集2005年11月至2006年2月河南省肿瘤医院乳腺科40例初治乳腺癌患者的术后病理标本,先行IHC检测后,进一步行CISH检测。
1.2 IHC检测
采用免疫组化EnVision染色法,所用一抗为美国Maxim公司产品(购自福州迈新公司),二抗为美国Zymed公司产品(购自北京中杉公司)。
1.3 CISH检测
试剂:地高辛标记的HER-2/neu原癌基因原位杂交探针和检测试剂盒(HER2 CISH)为美国Zymed公司产品,购自北京中杉生物技术有限公司。
方法:参照美国Zymed公司HER2 CISH检测试剂盒说明书进行。
1.4 结果判定
免疫组化和色素原位杂交法检测结果的判断分别见表1和表2。
1.5 统计学处理
采用SPSS10.0统计学软件,用Fisher’s Exact Test和kappa一致性检验对IHC与CISH的检测结果进行统计学分析。
2 结 果
本研究中共有40例标本完成了IHC和CISH检测,HER2表达(+++)的8例标本中,7例经CISH检测有HER2基因扩增,1例无扩增,其中6例高度扩增,1例低度扩增;IHC(++)的13例标本中,5例为HER2基因扩增,8例无扩增,其中3高度扩增,2例低度扩增;IHC(++)的10例标本中,2例均为HER2基因低度扩增,8例无扩增;IHC(-)的9例标本均无基因扩增,两种方法的总符合率为72.5%,IHC与CISH有较好的一致性(kappa=0.458,P=0.003) (见表3及图1)。
3 讨 论
自1987年Slamon[2]首次报道了乳腺癌中HER2基因及其生物学意义以来,HER2在乳腺癌治疗中的作用越来越受到重视。准确检测HER2状态对于患者预后评估,化疗方案和内分泌治疗的制定密切相关,并且也是靶向治疗药物——Herceptin使用的惟一指标,因此对HER2扩增和过表达的准确检测和正确判读在临床上也越来越受重视。
HER2状态可通过多种方法检测,目前FDA批准用于HER2检测方法有两种:测定HER2蛋白的免疫组织化学(IHC)法和检测HER2基因的荧光原位杂交(FISH)法,但两者各有利弊。IHC因其操作简单,判读方便,价格低廉,便于保存而为临床上广泛采用,然而这种半定量的检测方法因标本的固定、包埋、不同抗体敏感性的差异、评估体系的不同、技术误差,以及观察者主观判断的不同造成其检测结果的差异[11];虽然FISH在检测HER-2/neu基因扩增时具有良好的特异性和敏感性,后者一直被认为是HER2诊断的金标准,但其方法费时、价格昂贵,所需设备复杂并需特殊的照相机记录暂时的信号及不能观察组织形态学等缺点限制了其在临床中的使用。
近年来发展了一种新的HER2基因检测方法——CISH。它综合了IHC和FISH两者的优势,显示了其优越性:高度特异性的地高辛标记探针进行原位杂交,临床病理非常熟悉的传统的过氧化物酶显色反应染片过程,在普通光学显微镜下定量检测基因的扩增,操作简单,价格远较FISH低廉,且信号稳定,组织切片储藏方便,并可做组织学评价。2000年Tanner[12]首次报道了采用CISH法检测HER2基因扩增的可行性,研究显示CISH与FISH具有极强的一致性(kappa=0.81),是一种可替代FISH对HER2基因扩增进行检测的切实可行的方法,可弥补IHC检测结果的不稳定性。随后大量研究均证实了CISH与FISH的检测结果具有高度的一致性(85%~100%)[8~10],且其在各实验室之间重复性良好,具有广泛的实际使用价值。
本研究中,IHC(+++)的病例与CISH的检测结果高度一致,符合率达87.5%(7/8),其结果与Li-Ning-T等[13]的研究结果一致(84.61%),并符合文献报道的IHC(+++)—FISH的79%~100%的符合率[14,15];相反,IHC(++)与CISH的检测结果的符合率较差,仅37%(5/13)的IHC(++)病例经CISH检测有基因扩增,高于Li-Ning-T等[13]的报道(17.86%),与Madrid和Lo[16]的报道(45%)相近。Hammock等[17]认为对于IHC(+++)但HER2基因无扩增的患者来说,约50%以上是17号染色体多体所致。同时,也有人认为IHC(++)病例中较高的假阳性结果为17号染色体多体[18],或为转录上调,蛋白累积所致[19]。然而在大多数缺乏基因扩增的IHC(++)病例中,与IHC(-)(+)的病例相比并无17号染色体数量的明显增多[20];而且在大多数缺乏基因扩增的IHC(++)病例中也未观察到mRNA的增高[15],所以大多数IHC(++)假阳性结果的原因可能为IHC本身非特异性染色等技术原因所致。
另外,我们在IHC(-)的病例中观察到,其与CISH的检测结果完全相符(10/10);而在10例IHC(+)的病例中,2例经CISH检测有基因扩增。与2005年Todorovic-Rakovic N等[21]关于IHC-CISH的研究中显示,16例IHC(+)中6例有基因扩增的结果相似。因为染色体的非整倍体是癌细胞普遍存在的遗传学特征之一,HER2基因低度扩增病例通常被认为是17号染色体多倍体所致,而不是基因扩增,在本研究基因扩增的14病例中,低度扩增为5例,然而我们并没有进行17号染色体多倍体的检测。Vera-Roman等[22]的报道指出大多数多倍体检测结果为3~5个杂交信号点,因而将基因扩增的标准定为大于6个杂交信号点可有效的消除多倍体的可能。这正与Zymed试剂公司提供的最新的判定标准一致,也是本次试验所采用的评价标准。
从本研究的结果我们看到在基因扩增/基因产物表达之间存在一定的差异性,虽然造成两者不一致的原因仍不明确,但临床的观察显示无论在患者的预后,还是在Herceptin治疗疗效的评价上,HER2基因检测结果较其蛋白测定更加可靠,更值得信赖[23,24]。因此,仅用IHC作为HER2检测的惟一手段是不足的,开展基因检测作为IHC的补充,可避免使IHC假阳性的患者接受Herceptin过度治疗所带来的不必要的经济负担及药物毒副作用的损害;同时使IHC假阴性的患者有机会接受Herceptin的合理治疗,从中受益。
基于本研究的结果,我们认为IHC可以作为HER2状态检测的初步筛查的首选方法,但由于IHC本身技术原因和结果判读的主观因素,仍存在假阳性和假阴性;而CISH是一种简便、经济、准确的基因检测方法,易于在临床广泛开展,因此对于IHC(+++~+)的病例应进一步作CISH检测确诊。
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