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《心血管病学》

凝血酶栓塞治疗冠脉介入术后股动脉假性动脉瘤疗效观察

发表时间:2009-11-27  浏览次数:595次

凝血酶栓塞治疗冠脉介入术后股动脉假性动脉瘤疗效观察作者:童国新,王宁夫,叶显华,方建华,杨建敏,潘 浩,徐 坚,周 亮    作者单位:杭州市第一人民医院,浙江杭州 310006    【摘要】  目的 探讨瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤的疗效和安全性。方法 2006年1月至2008年4月心脏冠脉介入术后并发股动脉假性动脉瘤的患者,共33例,其中男12例,女21例,年龄58~72岁,平均66±16岁。其中8例选择性冠状动脉造影术,25例经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术。所有患者均使用GE LOGIQ 9彩色多普勒超声仪确诊,并在超声引导下进行瘤腔内注射凝血酶栓塞治疗。结果 5例先行股动脉压迫治疗,无效后改用凝血酶注射栓塞治疗,其余28例首选超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶栓塞治疗。其中31例一次性栓塞成功,2例经2次栓塞成功,总成功率100%。凝血酶用量200~800u。1例出现血管迷走性晕厥,12例患者注射凝血酶后均有体温轻度升高,自行好转。无动脉栓塞及静脉血栓形成、无凝血酶过敏表现、感染、出血等并发症。结论 超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶的治疗方法可缩短患者住院时间、花费少,而且简单、安全、成功率高,可作为治疗心脏冠脉介入术后假性动脉瘤的首选方法。    【关键词】  假性动脉瘤;凝血酶;冠状动脉;介入;导管    Ultrasound_guided Thrombin Injection for the Treatment of Coronary Intervention_related Femoral Pseudoaneurysm. TONG Guo_xin, WANG Ning_fu, YE Xian_hua,et al. Department of Cardiology, the First People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.   [Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effectivity and safety of ultrasound_guided percutaneous thrombin injection for the treatment of postcatheterization femoral pseudoaneurysm. Methods From January 2006 to April 2008, 33 patients(12 male, 21 female, age range 58~72 years, mean 66 years) were found to have pseudoaneurysmes associated with catheterization procedure, and 8 of them with diagnostic angiography,the other 25 patients with stent implantation. Results Thrombin was injected directly into the pseudoaneurysm with dosage 200~800 units over several seconds. Successful ablation was visualized immediately in 31 patients. The other 2 patients needed two thrombin injections and compression treatment of 2~3 minutes. The total success rate of ablating pseudoaneurysm was 100%. One patient had vasovagal syncope, 12 patients had mild fever after thrombin injection. No distal embolization, infection, hemorrhage or allergic reaction occurred. Conclusions Ultrasound_guided thrombin injection may shorten hospitalization duration and it is a safe, simple, inexpensive and effective non_invasive method for the treatment of postcatheterization femoral pseudoaneurysm. Therefore it should be considered as first_line therapy.   [Key words] Pseudoaneurysm; Thrombin; Coronary; Intervention; Catheterization    随着心脏冠脉介入检查和治疗的广泛开展,医源性假性动脉瘤也逐渐增多。医源性假性动脉瘤的发生有多种诱因,如穿刺点过低或过高,病人过于肥胖或消瘦,下床活动过早,抗凝药物过量或凝血功能异常,股动脉粥样硬化等。假性动脉瘤一旦破裂,或瘤体压迫血管导致血栓形成对人体危害很大,需要积极治疗。假性动脉瘤处理方法包括局部徒手压迫、听诊指导下或超声引导下压迫治疗使瘤口闭塞,外科手术修补或切除瘤体,以及超声引导下注射凝血酶栓塞治疗。近年来,我科采用超声引导下行股动脉假性动脉瘤注射凝血酶栓塞治疗,取得了良好效果,现总结如下。1  资料和方法    1.1  一般资料:研究对象为我院2006年1月至2008年4月经股动脉入路心脏介入性手术后并发假性动脉瘤的患者,共33例,其中男12例,女21例,年龄58~72岁,平均66±16岁。其中8例选择性冠状动脉造影术,25例经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术。所有患者均在拔除动脉鞘时~5d内发现腹股沟韧带下方股动脉穿刺部位皮下较大面积淤斑,触及搏动性、质地较硬的包块,触痛明显,伴杂音和/或震颤。彩色超声和多普勒明确诊断为假性动脉瘤。其中29例合并高血压病,8例合并糖尿病。    1.2  仪器设备:使用GE LOGIQ 9彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头频率7.5MHz。将探头轻置于病变部位,利用二维超声观察瘤体大小、形态、内部回声,并寻找破裂口,测量其大小;观察瘤体上、下段血管壁及腔内回声情况。利用彩色多普勒超声,观察破裂口血流情况,以脉冲多普勒测量破裂口血流参数,以及观测受累动脉周围其他动脉及静脉情况。准备5ml一次性注射器2~3支、超声介入穿刺针1支、利多卡因针1支、凝血酶1000u×1支。    1.3  操作步骤:患者取平卧位,以普通5ml注射器抽取5ml生理盐水稀释凝血酶粉针剂配成凝血酶溶液(100U/ml),腹股沟处皮肤常规消毒、利多卡因局麻。选择避开假性动脉瘤颈部及邻近血管的最佳进针路径,在超声引导下用超声介入穿刺针进行瘤体穿刺。超声确定针尖在瘤腔中心后,在超声观察下缓慢向瘤腔内注射凝血酶,剂量根据瘤腔大小及超声显像结果,栓塞满意后拔出穿刺针,必要时再徒手压迫瘤体部位2~3分钟。    1.4  术后监测:平卧休息10分钟后,彩色多普勒超声复查,观察瘤腔内血栓状况,周围血管是否通畅,若无异常,可返回病房,无须加压包扎,术后患者静卧2~6小时,密切观察患者一般情况,瘤体大小及杂音,患肢皮温、色泽、水肿,股动脉及足背动脉搏动情况。    1.5  凝血酶栓塞治疗成功的判定标准:假性动脉瘤瘤腔内出现不均质类实性回声;假性动脉瘤瘤腔内彩色多普勒血流消失;载瘤动脉与瘤腔之间瘤道内彩色血流消失。2  结果    2.1  假性动脉瘤的临床特征:本组33例病人均为单一破口,瘤口直径1.2~3.3mm,瘤颈长度4~15mm,瘤腔最小为0.8×1.5cm,最大为3.2×7.0cm。28例为单个瘤腔单个瘤道,5例为多个瘤腔单个瘤道(见表1)。表1  假性动脉瘤的临床特征    2.2  假性动脉瘤的处理情况:其中5例先行股动脉压迫并行加压包扎及沙袋压迫(其中3例听诊指导下徒手压迫,2例行超声引导下压迫治疗),24小时后拆除绷带并行超声复查见假性动脉瘤未完全修复,后改用凝血酶注射栓塞治疗。其余28例首选超声引导下瘤腔内凝血酶注射栓塞治疗。凝血酶用量(200~800u),治疗操作时间8~15min。注射时间于出现包块后1~6天(2.5±1.5天)。其中31例一次性栓塞成功,2例经2次栓塞成功,其中1例瘤颈长度15mm且有多个瘤腔,栓塞治疗后瘤颈部仍有血流信号,后经加压包扎复查假性动脉瘤闭合。术前可见包块内充满彩色血流,包块有瘤道与邻近的股动脉相通,瘤颈部可测及来回型动脉频谱(图1)。注射凝血酶治疗后残存瘤腔内充满不均质类实性回声,彩色血流消失(图2、3)。图1  二维及彩色多普勒超声显示股动脉假性动脉瘤    图2  瘤腔内凝血酶注射过程中    图3  假性动脉瘤经凝血酶注射后彩色多普勒超声显示瘤腔内血栓形成,瘤颈、瘤腔闭合。    2.3  不良反应:1例出现血管迷走性晕厥,经注射阿托品后恢复。无动脉栓塞及静脉血栓形成、未发现凝血酶过敏表现、感染、出血等并发症。12例患者注射凝血酶后均有体温升高至37.3℃~38.2℃,未进行抗生素治疗,1~5天后体温恢复正常。3  讨论    心血管介入术后假性动脉瘤日益增多,其发生率为0.05%~8.0%,彩色多普勒超声检出率更高[1~3]。多数假性动脉瘤不能自愈,早期干预有助于减少和避免相应的并发症和后遗症[4,5]。局部加压治疗成功率低,压迫持续时间长,有些患者不能耐受,有些病人需要反复多次压迫治疗,造成皮肤破溃、感染、疼痛等,加重病人痛苦;外科手术治疗创伤大,风险高,延长住院时间,病人难以接受。    1997年最初报道采用超声引导下经皮注射凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤以来,相继有学者报道应用该方法疗效满意[6~8]。其治疗机制是凝血酶可使瘤腔内血液快速凝固血栓化后堵住瘤颈,持久阻断动脉来的血流,达到栓塞治疗目的。Paulsou等[9]报道,使用超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤,治愈率高达96%,明显高于超声引导下加压治疗,且瘤腔内血栓形成时间短,瘤腔内血栓形成时间平均仅为6s。本组有5例患者先行加压治疗,无效后改为超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗,均为一次性成功。凝血酶注射的最佳剂量,目前尚无统一标准,多为300~1000U,一般不超过2000U。有文献报道所用凝血酶溶液的浓度为100~1000U/ml[10]。本组33例患者均栓塞成功。所用凝血酶浓度为100U/ml,剂量为200~800U左右。    目前,对该方法治疗假性动脉瘤的确切适应症,推注速度尚未统一规范,其并发症主要为动脉腔内急性血栓形成[11,12]、静脉血栓和药物过敏[13]。本组有1例病人出现血管迷走性晕厥,可能原因与瘤腔内未进行局部麻醉,凝血酶推注速度过快造成微量凝血酶反流刺激血管壁有关。如何减少并发症,我们的体会是:术前观察穿刺局部有无感染,若存在感染,应等感染控制后进行;严格无菌操作,防止感染;瘤体内充分局部麻醉,可减少凝血酶对血管壁的刺激;超声穿刺针准确定位,并在超声观察下在瘤腔中部缓慢注射凝血酶,血栓充满四分之三瘤体时即可停止注射;注射后超声复查股动静脉血流;回病房后注意观察足背动脉及静脉曲张、水肿情况。注射凝血酶后的血栓形成为连锁反应,无需等血栓充满整个瘤体时才停止注射,这可减少瘤腔内注入凝血酶的剂量,可减少并发症。本组病例术后均有不同程度发热,但无1例出现严重的急性过敏反应,发热考虑与血块吸收热有关,未进行特殊治疗,体温自行消退。在选择进行凝血酶栓塞治疗的假性动脉瘤病人,瘤颈直径不应过粗,否则可能易导致凝血酶反流至股动脉而引起急性动脉血栓形成[14]。    综上所述,超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶的治疗方法可缩短住院时间、花费少,而且简单、安全、成功率高,可作为治疗心脏冠脉介入术后假性动脉瘤的首选方法。【参考文献】  [1]Schaub F, Theiss W, Busch R, et al. 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